Friday, August 21, 2020
Deep Breaths
Deep Breaths Ive been reading a lot of the comments about the applications that are due on Jan. 1. And while what Ill say now is just my opinion: CHILLAX Definition (source bryan.mitblogs.com) chill ·ax: /t??læks/ : -verb to calm down; to release oneself from inhibition, worry, tension, etc. I agree that it is easier said than done, but Im in the same boat as you right now. Im about to submit the application to my top choice graduate school, and there are a million questions running through my head, but I got hit by a jolt of admissions reality just now. 1. The deadline means as much as Im afraid to press the submit button, in order to have my application read, I have to press it. 2. I dont own a time machine to go back in time and correct mistakes or retake tests. 3. A little bit of faith and optimism can go a long way. 4. Ive tried my hardest, and thats all I can ask for. Dont start the new year stressed out about applications. Put your best foot forward heading into 2007. I can try to respond to any logistical/last minute questions you may have, but Ill only be near my computer for a little while longer before I head out myself to treat myself to some sushi and then celebrate the arrival of 2007. Happy New Year and Good Luck!
Deep Breaths
Deep Breaths Ive been reading a lot of the comments about the applications that are due on Jan. 1. And while what Ill say now is just my opinion: CHILLAX Definition (source bryan.mitblogs.com) chill ·ax: /t??læks/ : -verb to calm down; to release oneself from inhibition, worry, tension, etc. I agree that it is easier said than done, but Im in the same boat as you right now. Im about to submit the application to my top choice graduate school, and there are a million questions running through my head, but I got hit by a jolt of admissions reality just now. 1. The deadline means as much as Im afraid to press the submit button, in order to have my application read, I have to press it. 2. I dont own a time machine to go back in time and correct mistakes or retake tests. 3. A little bit of faith and optimism can go a long way. 4. Ive tried my hardest, and thats all I can ask for. Dont start the new year stressed out about applications. Put your best foot forward heading into 2007. I can try to respond to any logistical/last minute questions you may have, but Ill only be near my computer for a little while longer before I head out myself to treat myself to some sushi and then celebrate the arrival of 2007. Happy New Year and Good Luck!
Sunday, May 24, 2020
Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Bureaucracy Essay Population Essay Did you like this example? DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRARY ARE INCOMPATIBLE, DISCUSS USING ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The relationship between democracy and bureaucracy has generated much debate amongst scholars. Democracy is defined as a political system which supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials and the social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among political contenders for political office. Abraham Lincoln as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (1995) defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. Bureaucracy is defined by Schaefer (2003) as a component of formal organisation in which rules and hierarchal ranking are used to achieve efficiency. The focus of this discussion is to reflect to a greater extent the incompatibility that exist between democracy and bureaucracy Democracy emanated from western countries as a movement that clamoured for equality, f reedom of speech and expression. It came into being mainly after Second World War where many peoples rights were stripped off. Democracy came to restore individual dignity and popular participation. Decision making under the banner of democracy would mean that all involved parties should have informed consent on issues that directly affected them. Bureaucracy is a brain child of Weber who asserts that it’s an organised way of running an organisation. An organisation contains structures which should be followed in their order of importance. This means that, in decision making, relevant authorities should make decisions and in the event that they feel incapacitated to do that, they approach a higher office. There is chain of command and top down approach in communication which represents a hierarchy of authority. Haralambos and Holborn(1995), People in this hierarchy are paid and are full time officials who form a chain of command. A bureaucracy is concerned with business of administration with controlling, managing and coordinating a complex series of tasks. Bureaucracy represents oligarchy, rationality and separation of ownership from control. Democracy and bureaucracy coexist in society but their compatibility is questionable, they seem to be two conflicting views which exist in one society. The conflict perspective theorists are of the view that bureaucracy and democracy are much incompatible. Bureaucracy is inevitably a representative of the interest of the minority which is a direct opposition of democracy, which focus on majority rule and freedom of all. Bureaucracy state apparatus can be viewed as a specific creation of capitalist society with the roles of manipulating and turning the majority into proletariats. Lenin, as cited by Haralambos and Holborn (1995), clearly puts that western parliaments where â€Å"mere talking shops†while the real work of government was conducted behind closed doors by the state governing bureaucra cy therefore the state is an organ of class rule, an organ for the oppression of one class by another and hence cannot operate hand in glove with democracy. Hopes for truly democratic organisations in a communist society can be dismissed as mere illusions. According to Robert Michels 1876-1936 as cited in Haralambos and Holborn(1995), in his study of European socialist parties and trade unions, the organisations which had the aim to overthrow the capitalist state and create a socialist society based on democratic principles was not the resemblance of what actual happened. It was a mere duplication of the capitalist bureaucracy which is not very compatible with democracy. As supported by Jonson (1989) socialist states like the former Soviet Union, the state power was used to maintain wealth, power of government and military leaders at the expense of the wishes of the people, there was basic conflict between government and the people thereby compromising on democracy. Just like in the authoritarian capitalists government the state supports the interests of capitalists irregardless of having formal positions in government, all this suppress the will of the people. Therefore, bureaucracy is not compatible with democracy in such governments where the wishes of the people do not take paramount importance. It can be argued that organisation or bureaucracy is death knell of democracy and hence not compatible. Moreso, direct participation by large number of people in the running of an organisation is in practice impossible. Apart from the practical difficulties of assembling thousands of people, direct involvement in decision making will be more cumbersome and time consuming that nothing will get done. Since direct democracy is impractical, it can only be replaced by a form of some representative system, whereby delegates represent the mass and carry out its will. Hurd et al (1991) laments that these political elected leaders want to amass wealth at the exp ense of the people, just because of their positions. Leaders at the highest authority of the bureaucracy can appoint other leaders on basis of ethnic background, nepotism and favour hence the wishes of the people wont be respected because the leaders would be representing their own selfish needs. As a result, bureaucracy can not be compatible with democracy if the wishes of the majority are ignored. The only thing they will do is to come back with feedback and alerting the mass on their course of action in the future. For example the president went to represent Zimbabwe to the UN summit recently and told the Zimbabwe’s story without prior consultation with the people because of the hindrance caused by bureaucracy. The effective operation of the organisation requires a specialised division of labour that necessitates control and coordination from the top. The result is rigorously defined and hierarchical bureaucracy. Haralambos and Holborn (1995), postulate that the organis ation grows and administrative duties proliferate that it is no longer possible to take them at a glance. They become increasingly incomprehensible to those without special knowledge and training. Faced with this complexity, members of trade unions and political parties leave matters to their political leaders. Decisions are taken by the executive committees within the bureaucracy rather than by assemblies of the rank and the file. Thus, the very organisation which was created to represent its members, end up by largely excluding them from participation and decision making. Organisations therefore inevitably produce oligarchy which rule by a small group or elite, popularly known as the iron law of oligarchy. To sum up on oligarchy, Michels postulates that the oligarchic structure of the building suffocates basic democratic principle. Hence democracy and bureaucracy is not compatible because of these misgivings between the two. Communication in bureaucracy is basically top down commanding orders and giving institutions to employees or people without prior consultation. There is over dependence on the orders and direction for superiors while crushing the initiative of the subordinates. Macionis (1995) argues that individuality is suppressed as bureaucratic slavishly follow official procedures and regulations with advancement dependent on the judgement of higher authority. Subordinates bore and scrap to their superiors while adopting an arrogance stance to those beneath them in the hierarchy. Bureaucracy therefore, is sworn enemy of individual liberty and all bold initiative in matter of internal policy. It is petty, narrow, rigid and illiberal hence reflects the direct opposite of democracy and thereby it’s not compatible. There is a tendency to displace organisational goals by the leadership in bureaucracy. The leadership is established at the top of the bureaucratic pyramid and its primary concern is the maintenance of its own power. Leaders wish to retain the privilege and status which their positions bring, a concern which take priority over the started goals of the organisations. Schaefer (1995) adds that the organisation will become increasingly conservative as leaders refrain from taking any action that might endanger their position thereby compromising democracy in the process. Leaders learn skills like the art of controlling meetings, of applying and interpreting rules, of proposing motions at opportune moments, their control over the publications of the party for instance enables them to put across their own view point. Moreso in bureaucracy, leaders have considerable say in the appointment of officials in the organisation and can therefore select those who support their policies thus leaders see their own interests and the maintenance of the organisation as indistinguishable. Organisation was essential to democracy, however as a matter of technical and practical necessity organisations adopt a bureaucrat ic structure and it produced oligarchy control which brings to an end or death of democracy. However to a very lesser extent compatibility between democracy and bureaucracy do exist. Haralambos and Holborn (1993) assert that democracy is inconceivable without organisations. In a modern complex society the only way individuals can effectively communicate their wishes and press their nterests is by joining together and forming an organisation. This is particularly true of the relatively powerless working class masses for whom combination and cooperation is necessary and in Zimbabwe we have the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) which is rooted on democratic foundations is now a full blown democratic bureaucratic political party. The inevitability on the compatibility of democracy and bureaucracy can be explained on psychological perspective on the natural need of the masses to be led. Macionis (1989) argues that democracy is a system in which power is exercised by the people as w hole, of which it does not mean that every member of society participates directly in decisions that directly affect them. This would only be possible in a very small political entity, hence representative democratic systems places governance in the hands of elected leaders. This is accompanying of veneration of activities where the masses clamoured to have a leader. In the light of democracy this will be viewed as the wish of the majority to be lead and hence can be respected. At the end of the day the leader will put in place a structure that resembles bureaucracy but all is done in the name of democracy. Therefore it can be argued that there is no bureaucracy without democracy and no democracy and bureaucracy without democracy. In other instances like in modern democracies people show their wishes through casting their vote in a free and fair electoral environment and if everyone including the observers view it as free and fair it becomes democratic because the wishes of the p eople will have been respected. The people would have given legal authority to the person and the voted government to rule over them hence it will be democratic, in this case democracy and burecracy becomes very compatible. Conclusively democracy and bureaucracy seem to be enemies which coexist in one society or in one organisation. In most case the two different aspects are not compatible as discussed but in other instances their coexistence is accepted as democratic and the only way forward in modern governments which involve managing larger populations which cannot be brought together at once and who have very diverse social economic views. If the majority agree then it’s viewed as democracy. The various interpretations of democracy lead to this debate on this compatibility. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (1995), Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. 4th edition. Harper Collins Publishers. London. 2. Hurd g et al (1991) Human Societies. An introduction to Sociology, Routledge and Kegan Paul . New York. 3. Jonson A, G (1981) Human Arrangements. An introduction to Sociology, Harcourt Braces Jovanovich. New York. 4. Macionis, J. J (1989) Sociology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 5. Schaefer, R. T (2003) Sociology, McGraw Hill, New York. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible" essay for you Create order
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Mothers Day Haha no Hi
May 10th is Mothers Day (Haha no hi). Although Happy ~ can be translated as ~ omedetou, there is no Japanese equivalent of Happy Mothers Day. Sending a Mothers Day card is not too common in Japan, but giving flowers (especially carnations) is a popular thing to do. I am very close with my mom. She is very open-minded and has been very supportive of whatever I have done. Since hugging parents (except by children) is not a common practice in Japan, I sometime wonder if words are enough to show love. Besides, I feel a little embarrassed to express my feelings in front of her, but I always appreciate her open-mindedness. Japanese Translation æ ¯ 㠮æâ€" ¥ ä ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆå æâ€" ¥Ã£ ¯Ã¦ ¯ 㠮æâ€" ¥Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚è‹ ±Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ ®Happy ~㠯〠㠊゠㠧㠨㠆㠨è ¨ ³Ã£ •ã‚Å'る㠓㠨ã‚‚ã ‚り㠾ã ™ã Å'〠æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ §Happy Mothers Day㠫å€ ¤Ã£ ™ã‚‹è ¨â‚¬Ã¨â€˜â€°Ã£ ¯Ã£ ‚り㠾㠛ん。æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£ §Ã£ ¯Ã¦ ¯ 㠮æâ€" ¥Ã£ «Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'‰ã‚’è ´Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ “㠨㠯ã ‚ã ¾Ã£â€šÅ è ¡Å'ã‚ ã‚Å'㠾㠛んã Å'〠花ç‰ ¹Ã£ «Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' §Ã£Æ' ³Ã£ Å'æ ¯ 㠮æâ€" ¥Ã£ ®Ã¨Å ±Ã£ ¨Ã£ •ã‚Å'㠦ã „㠾ã ™ã‚’è ´Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ “㠨㠯ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨Ë† ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚ç § 㠯æ ¯ 㠨㠨㠦ã‚‚ä » ²Ã£ Å'㠄㠄㠧ã ™ã€‚æ ¯ 㠯㠩ん㠪ã “㠨㠫ã‚‚å è ¦â€¹Ã£ Å'㠪ã ã€ ç § ã Å'ã ™ã‚⠀¹Ã£ “㠨㠫㠯ã „㠤㠧ã‚‚ç †è § £Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ ¤ ºÃ£ â€"㠦ã ã‚Å'㠾ã â€"ã Ÿã€‚è ¦ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å ±Ã£ ã â€"゠る㠓㠨㠯å ä ¾â€ºÃ¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¤â€"æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£ «Ã£ ¯Ã£ ªÃ£ „ç ¿â€™Ã¦â€¦ £Ã£ ªÃ£ ®Ã£ §Ã£â‚¬ è ¨â‚¬Ã¨â€˜â€°Ã£ 㠑㠧å 分㠫æ„›æÆ'…㠯ä ¼ ゠る㠮㠋㠪㠨æ€ 㠆㠓㠨ã‚‚ã ‚り㠾㠙。ã 㠮ã †ã ˆç § 㠯é ¢Ã£ ¨Ã¥ ‘㠋㠣㠦æ„Ÿè ¬ 㠮æ °â€"æÅ' 㠡ã‚’è ¡ ¨Ã£ ™ã “㠨㠫〠å °â€˜Ã£ â€"ç… §Ã£â€šÅ'ã 㠕㠕も感㠘る㠮㠧ã ™ã Å'ã€ æ ¯ 㠮å ¯â€ºÃ¥ ¤ §Ã£ •ã€ ç †è § £Ã¥Å ›ã‚’㠨㠦ã‚‚ã ‚ã‚Šã Å'ã Ÿã æ€ ã £Ã£ ¦Ã£ „㠾ã ™ã€‚ã Šæ ¯ 㠕ん〠㠄㠤ã‚‚ã ‚ã‚Šã Å'㠨㠆。 Romaji Translation Go-gatsu tooka wa haha no hi desu. Eigo no Happy~ wa, ~omedetou to yakusareru koto mo arimasu ga, nihongo de Happy Mothers Day ni ataisuru kotoba wa arimasen. Nihon dewa haha no hi ni kaado o okuru koto wa amari okonawaremasen ga, hana (toku ni kaaneeshon ga haha no hi no hana to sareteimasu) o okuru koto wa ippanteki desu. Watashi wa haha to totemo naka ga ii desu. Haha wa donna koto nimo henken ga naku, watashi ga suru koto niwa itsudemo rikai o shimeshite kuremashita. Oya o dakishimeru koto wa (kodomo igai) nihon niwa nai shuukan nanode, kotoba dake de juubun ni aijou wa tsutawaru no kana to omou koto mo arimasu. Sonoue watashi wa men to mukatte kansha no kimochi o arawasu koto ni, sukoshi terekusasa mo kanjiru no desu ga, haha no kandaisa, rikairyoku o totemo arigataku omotte imasu. Okaasan, itsumo arigatou! Note: The translation is not always literal. Beginners Phrases I am very close with my mom. Watashi wa haha to totemo naka ga ii desu.ã‚ ã Ÿã â€"ã ¯ 㠯㠯ã ¨ 㠨㠦ã‚‚ 㠪ã ‹ã Å' ã „ã „ 㠧ã ™ã€‚ç § 㠯æ ¯ 㠨㠨㠦ã‚‚ä » ²Ã£ Å'㠄㠄㠧㠙。
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Miranda is the Only Woman in William Shakespeare’s Play,...
In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, there has been much debate on whether Miranda, the only female in the play, is a fully formed character or merely an object being used by the men of the play. William Shakespeare wrote in a time where men were considered the dominant sex and women were only used for reproduction and maternal purposes. In the Tempest men like Prospero and Antonio are shown in a position of power and strength, while Miranda is associated with frailty and innocence. This allows the men to use Miranda for their own selfish purposes. However Miranda is unaware of this and acts independently and doesn’t always abide to what the men of the play force her to do. Miranda’s actions throughout the Tempest portray her as a fully formed character but as she is the only other female character in the play, the men view her as an object which can be used to suit their needs. Miranda’s actions are her own in the Tempest as we see in Act 1 Scene ii - th e first time we are introduced to Miranda - where Miranda begs her father, Prospero not to harm any of the survivors from the Tempest. She talks with sympathy in her voice: â€Å"O, I have suffer’d/ with those that I saw suffer! A brave vessel/ who had, no doubt, some noble creature in her/ dash’d all to pieces†(1, 2, 5 – 6). Miranda is brave enough to stand up to her father knowing that he has the power to harm the sailors. She shows empathy and care not only for the sailors who she has never met before but for the ship
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the S Essay Example For Students
The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the S Essay crew Turn ScrewThe Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the Screw Chapter Six is an important section of The Turn of the Screw, as it involves many of the themes of the story, as well as reflecting its general narrative structure. James novel is phenomenally complex; it has an incredible ambiguity to it, which allows for some very outlandish and far-fetched ideas to be formulated. A theme can almost be drawn from almost every other sentence, if one so desires. It is deciding which issues have a little more to them than there may seem at first and which are what they appear, nothing more, which is difficult. As with many books of its ilk, over-analysing is a serious essay writing hazard. To take things one aspect at a time, and to begin with the narrative structure. Whilst not exactly a ?key issue of the story, the narrative structure can often inYuence how those issues are revealed and detailed to readers, so still holds some relevance to the essay title. Chapter Six overall structure is very similar to that of the story as a whole. It begins quietly, after the climax at the end of the previous chapter (as with the main part of The Turn of the Screw after the prologue, which creates a great deal of anticipation) and begins to increase in tension slowly throughout, with a slight lull in the middle, where the narrative becomes very reYective and introspective, with the Governess writing her thoughts seemingly as they enter her head, creating a somewhat rambling, dense prose. Finally, when readers are least expecting it, the plot suddenly leaps into view once again, creating an exciting znale (Then I again shifted my eyes I faced what I had to face. ) which leaves many plot threads open to interpretation (as with the znal words of the znal chapter, ?and his little heart, dispossessed, had stopped.) Chapter Six is something of a microcosm of the rest of the story, at least in terms of the narrative structure. More important, however, is how the key issues of the story are represented in this chapter. These issues come in two distinct categories. The zrst involve the various themes of the story, involving the characters, the plot and reality itself. The second type consists of the various techniques James uses in the Governess language to depict her character and set the tone for the book. Taking the latter zrst; the Governess language is very distinctive. It is very verbose and detailed, examining events and people very closely, using as many words as possible to describe even the simplest of things. For example, towards the end of Chapter Six she is trying to think of rational alternatives for the presence of Miss Jessel on the opposite side of the lake. When she fails, she writes Nothing was more natural than that these things should be the other things they absolutely were not. This style of writing is extremely difficult to understand in places, making the book heavy reading in places, and creating a somewhat monotonous and depressing atmosphere at times. This may be due to James own writing style, or a deliberate attempt to dezne the Governess own writing traits; it is difficult to tell. Either way, it creates a very dark feel for the story. As for the themes, there are probably almost an inznite number of interpretations that could be theorised from the text. Readers have to determine how much they are willing to accept. There are some themes which are not explored in this particular chapter; nevertheless, there are still a surprising number of them squeezed into a mere seven pages. .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .postImageUrl , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:visited , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:active { border:0!important; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:active , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Diversity Essay One recurring theme is evident in the conversation between Mrs. Grose and the Governess. The two characters have a tendency to complete each others sentences, to speak almost as if they are of one mind. Two incidences here are particularly noticeable: ?It does strike me that my pupils have never mentioned -! She looked at me hard as I musingly pulled up. ?His having been here and the time they
Saturday, April 4, 2020
Marketing Quiz Essay Example
Marketing Quiz Essay University of the Southern Caribbean School of Business Principles of Marketing Take Home Assignment on Chapter 13-16 Name: __________________________________ ID_______________________ DATE__________ We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. Section 1. In the 1970s, Shipshewana was only a small town with a hardware store, a grain mill, a shoe store, a small restaurant, and a grocery store. Over the next two decades, the small town transformed into an international tourist attraction, attracting thousands of tourists who are intrigued with the lifestyle of Shipshewanas largest population the Amish. Ben and Mary Miller, having grown up within the Amish faith, decided to capitalize on their towns popularity and their woodworking skills. Their shop, Indiana Wood, began with a small display of handmade hickory rocking chairs, Ben Millers specialty. But within a few months, the display at Indiana Wood included picnic tables, flower boxes, and small handmade novelty items. No other shop offers the same. Mary Miller decorated the shops display room with authentic Amish decor and eventually hired three Amish friends to sew and embroider napkins and other textiles per customer request. In addition, two women from the Amish community sought permission from the Millers to display home-baked pastries and jellies on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, the towns busiest tourist days, when Shipshewana attracts swarms of visitors to its flea market on the south edge of town. Shipshewana is full of specialty shops, Mary Miller stated. People dont come here to buy things made in China or Taiwan. They want real, Amish-made goods. 1. Indiana Wood is best classified as a(n) ________ retailer. A) full-service B) self-service C) limited-service D) discount E) off-price 2. Which of the following is most critical to Indiana Woods success? A) place B) price C) differentiation D) store atmosphere E) services mix 3. The Amish decor and shop workers give customers an authentic impression of the pride and skill built into the shops products. These aspects also contribute to the stores ________. A) product assortment B) services mix C) atmosphere D) segmentations E) targeting 4. Which of the following would be the most logical way for Indiana Wood to expand? A) establishing an online presence B) pursuing retail convergence C) implementing RFID inventory tracking D) establishing a community-gathering environment in the store E) joining a producers cooperative Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. John Mayes opened Sparkle Janitorial in 1999. John began by acquiring two contracts for office cleaning services from two local manufacturing facilities. For two years, John and his wife, Barb, performed the cleaning services alone. After acquiring three additional cleaning contracts in 2001, John hired two employees. Up to that point, we had room to grow but we really had no advertising plan, John stated. We were relying mostly on word-of-mouth. By 2003, Barb hired another two full-time employees to begin Sparkles new endeavor: carpet cleaning in homes and offices. Competition was getting tough for both of our services at that point, Barb added. We ran a local radio spot three times each week. Then we had an advertiser print coupons on placemats. That gave us a little more exposure. John and Barb Mayes admit that they never realized the value of a sound promotional plan before now. We wish we would have put together so mething catchy with a jingle way before now, they said. 5. Which of the following would be the LEAST effective way for John and Barb to reach new potential customers? A) word-of-mouth influence B) buzz marketing C) public relations D) network television advertising E) direct marketing 6. In a recent radio spot, John and Barb gave a quick explanation of Sparkles cleaning process and a description of the value consumers receive for their money. This is an example of a(n) ________. A) emotional appeal B) standard appeal C) rational appeal D) moral appeal E) social appeal Most of the clientele at Second Avenue have learned about the store through word-of-mouth communication. This small retailer of quality second-hand childrens clothing thrives on the sale of a vast inventory of childrens clothing placed there on consignment. Because small children grow so quickly, Second Avenues owner commented, they often outgrow many of their clothes before theyve hardly been worn! Second Avenue provides a way for people to sell their childrens clothing, earn a few dollars, and buy the next larger size. Were extremely picky about the condition of the clothing we stock, the owner stated, but we sell most items at a 60 percent discount. 7. Which of the following media options would MOST benefit Second Avenues promotional efforts given the stores limited budget? A) periodic advertising in a local newspaper B) daily advertisements on a local radio station C) weekly commercials during the local evening news D) a billboard placed on the interstate E) a link on the citys Chamber of Commerce Web site 8. Second Avenue wants to create a postcard to be sent to local families with young children. The postcard will include information about the stores typical inventory, store hours, and directions. Which of the following format elements can make the biggest difference in the success or failure of the direct mailing? A) copy B) headline C) illustration D) font E) color 9. The owner of Second Avenue wants to establish a community clothing drive to collect clothes for a local childrens shelter. The owner will set up collection barrels outside Second Avenue. Which of the following public relations tools is the owner using? A) press relations B) product publicity C) lobbying D) development E) public affairs 10. At Finleys Fine Goods, members of the sales force and marketing epartment tend to have disagreements when things go wrong with a customer. The marketers blame the salespeople for poorly executing their strategies, while the salespeople blame the marketers for being out of touch with the customer. Which of the following steps should upper-level management at Finleys Fine Goods take to help bring the sales and marketing functions closer together? A) establish a customer sales force structure B) establish a complex sales force structure C) appoint a new sales force manager D) adopt a sales force automation system E) appoint a chief revenue officer 11. Ultra-Tech, Inc. as decided to switch to a customer sales force structure. Which of the following advantages is the company now LEAST likely to enjoy? A) The company can become more customer-focused. B) The company can better serve different industries. C) The company can build closer relationships with important customers. D) The company can better serve current customers and find new customers. E) The company can expect salespeople to develop in-depth knowledge of numerous and complex product lines. 12. Johnson Business Solutions, Inc. , maintains one sales force for its copy machines and a separate sales force for its computer systems. Johnson Business Solutions utilizes a ________ structure. A) product sales force B) customer sales force C) territorial sales force D) a combination of B and C E) complex sales force 13. Morrill Motors splits the United States into 10 sales regions. Within each of those regions, the company maintains two sales teams? one for existing customers and one for prospects. What type of sales force structure does Morrill Motors use? A) territorial B) product C) customer D) complex E) workload 14. An IBM sales representative is giving a product demonstration to a Best Buy representative. Assisting with the demonstration are an engineer, a financial analyst, and an information systems specialist. If IBM wins the Best Buy account, then all four IBM representatives will service the Best Buy account. This is an example of ________. A) team selling B) territorial selling C) inside selling D) prospecting E) sales promoting 15. Sales have been slow recently at B B Materials, so management has organized a training program to improve the performance of its sales force. Which of the following would most likely lead to improved sales for B B Materials? A) tests to measure the analytic and organizational skills of the sales force B) information about the marketing strategies used by competitors C) tests to identify the personality traits of sales force members D) a time-and-duty analysis for each salesperson E) instructions on completing expense reports 16. The CEO of Comfy Carpet, Rick Hadley, was skeptical about Web-based training until his sales manager explained that online training is ________. A) time consuming and difficult to use B) used by all small companies C) dynamic and interactive D) cost competitive and efficient E) useful to customers 17. At Deck Decor, a manufacturer of outdoor furniture and accessories, the marketing and sales force objectives are to grow relationships with existing customers and to acquire new business. Which of the following compensation plans should management establish to encourage the sales force to pursue both of these objectives? A) straight salary B) straight commission C) salary plus bonus for new accounts D) commission plus bonus for new accounts E) salary plus commission plus bonus for new accounts 18. Mary Conti is sales manager for National Computer Training. She wants to evaluate the performance of her sales force that is responsible for the New England territory. Mary will most likely review all of the following in her evaluation EXCEPT ________. A) call plans B) sales reports C) call reports D) expense reports E) territorial sales and profit reports 19. The sales force of Conway Pools has qualified a number of leads. Which of the following will most likely occur next? A) The outside sales force will call on all prospects. B) The outside sales force will close the deal with one of the prospects. C) The outside sales force will learn as much as possible about the prospects. D) The inside sales force will attend meetings with qualified prospects. E) The inside sales force will put together a presentation for the prospects. Section 2 1. The wheel-of-retailing concept deals mainly with wholesalers rolling out reduced service levels. 2. The life cycle of new retail forms is getting longer. 3. Unlike mass marketers, niche marketers expect to see continued growth in their online sales. 4. Retail convergence means greater competition for retailers and greater difficulty in differentiating offerings. 5. The number of retailers creating communities for their customers is declining. 6. Like retailers, a wholesaler must decide on segmentation and targeting, differentiation and positioning, and the marketing mix. 7. In an automated warehouse, orders are fed directly from the retailers information system to the wholesalers, and the items are picked up by mechanical devices and taken to a shipping platform 8. The distinction between large retailers and large wholesalers is becoming blurred. 9. Mass marketers can expect consumers to distinguish between commercial message sources to maintain a clear image of a company and its brands. 10. The integrated marketing concept ties together all of the companys messages and images. 11. Integrated marketing communications allows brand messages to be developed by different departments within an organization. 12. A marketing communications director has overall responsibility for the companys communications efforts. 13. The communications process should start with mass media advertising to reach many consumers. 14. The four major communication functions are encoding, decoding, response, and noise. 15. Encoding is the process by which the receiver assigns meaning to symbols. 16. Decoding is the process of putting thought into symbolic form. 17. Awareness, knowledge, and preparation are buyer-readiness stages. 18. Teaser advertising is most closely associated with the buyer-readiness stage of liking a product. 19. There are three types of appeal from which marketers may choose as they design their message content. These types are rational, emotional, and moral appeals. 20. The Stop. Think. Tylenol. ad is an example of a moral appeal. 21. Although television advertising is expensive for corporations, the cost per exposure is relatively low. 22. Direct mail is one of the least expensive media on a per exposure basis. 23. The communication effects of advertisements and ad campaigns are more difficult to measure than the sales and profit effects. 24. In small and large companies, advertising is typically handled by an individual or team in the sales department. 25. Todays advertising agencies are staffed with specialists who can often perform advertising tasks better than a producer or retailers own employees can. 26. Recently, the increased use of online social networks and video sharing has reduced the need for advertising standardization for global brands. 27. Since China has lifted many of its international trade restrictions, corporations such as McDonalds and Coca- Cola now have only limited censorship rules governing their TV and radio advertising. 28. In an attempt to change the perception that milk was unhealthy, the National Fluid Milk Processors Education Program established an advertising campaign featuring celebrities with milk mustaches and the tag line Got Milk? 29. A company typically spends comparable budgets on public relations and advertising. 30. A companys Web site can be an important public relations vehicle. 31. What types of products may be sold through category killers? 32. What types of products do specialty stores carry? Give an example of a specialty store. 34. Describe the differences between chain stores and franchises. 35. Describe public relations and three of its main functions. 36. Identify four of the major media types and identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of each type. 37. Why do many companies invest in ongoing training for their salespeople? 38. Compare the four types of compensation plans available to salespeople. 39. Name and define the four major communication functions. 40. Explain how advertising may change as a product moves from the introductory stage to the growth stage of the product life cycle.
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