History Paper Burial Practices Essay Example for Free

History Paper Burial Practices EssayThe concept of afterlife existed among umpteen quaint civilizations. It was met as a way of understanding the present or as a way to predict the future depending on their needs. As such(prenominal), in order to explain the unknown phenomenon that impacted their daily life, early tribes saw natural events as simple as the rain and the winds or birth and demolition and regarded them to be controlled by supernatural index numbers related to the gods, demons, the moon, the sun or other external driving forces. Ancient people sought protection for survival and power to maintain order with the tribes by practicing rituals which were aimed to invoke the spirit of the dead person. However, as civilizations evolved with time, their beliefs became more complex and profound. Take ancient Romans and Egyptians for instance, they both believed in the afterlife and shared standardized underlying ideas nevertheless, their way to prepare the deceased for t he next life and funeral services differed in many ways.To illustrate their practices, I have chosen two artifacts displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met) a coffin from Ancient Egypt and a cinerary urn from Ancient Romans times. Both pieces reflect several(predicate) ways of treating the corpses of their deceased and prepare the dead for the journey to the afterlife which undoubtedly was a pine and elaborated mathematical process. Ancient Romans and Egyptians demonstrated their firm conviction in the afterlife with solemn funeral services and burial rituals.Unlike the Egyptians who treasured the dead bodies and preserved them in sarcophagus or coffins, Romans cremated the dead bodies and kept the ashes in urns because they perceived the life in animal(prenominal) world to be short and temporary. When a person died, the spirit was released from the corporal structure and traveled to the afterlife. The only purpose of the physical form was to host the understanding for a period long enough to prepare one to live a life free of suffering in the other world.Souls were sent to diametric places depending on the level of sins and crimes committed against society during the time people stayed in the mortal world. However, the suffering in the other world would end eventually. Romans funeral rituals usually include washing the corpse, laying it flat on a sofa or bed, and dressing it with the finest clothes that individual had ever possessed. A coin would then be placed under the tongue or on the eyes so that he could pay the ferryman Charon for rowing im to the land of the dead. The marble urn I observed at the Met dated from mid 1st 2nd century A. D. was used to place the ashes of the deceased after the body was cremated. As time went by, they came to understand that the dissolution of the body was inevitable and the physical body was only a temporary host of the soul. This piece of artifact provided evidence that in ancient Romans point of view, the remains of the physical body had to be disintegrated in order for the soul to begin a new life.It is reasonable to conclude that Romans regarded cremating the body of the dead as a course faster way to begin the life in the other world than slow disintegration of the corpse. On the other hand, Egyptians believed that the persons physical body was more than a temporary host and it had to remain intact, a condition necessary to attain the afterlife. Moreover, they contemplated the idea that a person was the combination of several elements such as, the ba, which was the non physical part of the individual and the ka which was a universal force shared by all.Furthermore, in order to preserve the bodies, Egyptians developed a long and arduous process called mummification. This practice requires several steps such as the removal of the brain and internal organs and the cleaning of the bodys cavities with different oils and solutions. Once done, the body was laid to dry for more than a month. Although these steps were crucial for the preservation of the body, it was also believed that the transition process to the afterlife continues with the weighing of the heart.Egyptians believed that in order to gain their way to eternity ones heart must be as light as a feather. This organ was not removed from the body and was left to be weighted by Anubis, the funeral god and Thoth, the god of knowledge. As such, it is believed that ones heart is placed on a scale and weigh against a feather. If the scale is balanced, the deceased is deemed to have done good deeds in the present life and the gods would grant them immortality. When the mummification process is finished the preserved body is placed in a coffin as the one displayed at the Met, Gallery 112.This coffin, from Egypt Middle Kingdom time was do for a well respected and wealthy individual. The sophisticated decoration reflects the hierarchical social distinction in this particular society. In conclusion, though both ancient Romans and Egyptians believed in afterlife, they treated the corpses and practiced funeral rituals differently. These mainly resulted from their respective perception of how the mortal life was related to the afterlife as well as the importance to the physical body.By observing the two artifacts displayed at the Met, Ive found that Egyptians placed more emphasis on the social class of the deceased by lay on splendid decorations on the coffins and sarcophagus than the Romans did on their urns. This difference reflects the core of Romans ancient culture which coincided with Greeks idea of democracy by promoting a society structure with a less rigid hierarchy.

Hsc Mod C Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Hsc Mod C Julius Caesar EssayComposers of school texts present a biased attitude to the events, personalities or situations represented. In various texts such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Shakespeares Julius Caesar and Leunigs c nontextual matteroon merely other picture with the wrong caption, the composers bias is transparent even though conflicting perspectives towards the genius are presented. Although conflicting perspectives are present in Shakespeares Julius Caesar, the composers bias is still straightforward. Shakespeares Julius Caesar is a bet which reflected the anxiety of England over succession of leadership. When the play was written in 1599, intense censorship prevailed and Shakespeare chose Caesars story in order to convey significant ideas and messages to the Elizabethan audience about the importance of impregnable leadership. Shakespeares biased attitude is unpatterned throughout the course of the play Julius Caesar as perspectives of Caesar differs greatly . The representation of multiple conflicting perspectives in Julius Caesar does not ensure that the text remains unbiased in its portrayal of personalities.Conflicting perspectives are used in Julius Caesar to build dramatic tension, within the group of conspirators as come up as those who oppose them. In the beginning, Shakespeare manipulates us to take on the conspirators setting of Caesar as an egomaniac dictator whom is ruthless, cunning and overall intolerable. This view is depicted in Act I Scene II of the play whereby Flavius and Murellus are killed for breaking up celebrations on Caesar becoming king Murellus and Flavius, for pulling scarves of Caesars images, are put to silence. Fare you well.Caesars boldness and egotistical nature can be seen through his language which is autocratic and imperative throughout the play For always I am Caesar. Shakespeare depicts Caesar in an unflattering light to a certain extent to reiterate the importance of strong leadership to the El izabethan audience. Shakespeares bias is further presented in the play Julius Caesar as he moulds us to value Caesar, and we later perceive him as a prospered and deserving leader. This is shown after the assassination, as Caesar remains omnipotent throughout the outride of the play whereby Brutus sees his ghost on several occasions.This notion is further heightened as both Cassius and Brutus die with their last words macrocosm concerned with Caesar Caesar, thou art revenged. In turn, this further illustrates that the composers biased attitude is evident in the play Julius Caesar as we are given multiple perceptions on the one personality. Therefore it is evident that even though different perspectives towards the personality are manifested, Shakespeares bias is still evident. In the play Julius Caesar individuals are driven by different ambitions and motivations including those of idledom, high-mindedness and honour.Both Brutus and Cassius see the need for Caesars death but are driven by different motivations and perspectives on the political situation at the time. Cassius hates Caesar and his shame towards him is caused in part for the power given to someone he sees as his physical and intellectual inferior, which is shown through persuasive rhetorical questions Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed/ That he has grown so great? His hatred is trigged by his own lack of success infuriated by perceptions that a man so physically watery should bear the palm alone.Cassius hatred towards Caesar and his perception of him being a Tyrant is further heightened through the use of visual imagery he doth senesce the narrow world/ Like a Colossus, and we petty men/ Walk under his huge legs and peep about/ To find ourselves dishonorable graves. inappropriate Cassius, Brutus is an honorable, self righteous and noble man whose motivation for Caesars death is driven for the love of Rome as well as his concern that Rome would bring a dictatorship ruled by a singl e corrupted individual, rather than the hatred, greed and envy that Cassius carries.Brutuss motivations behind the death of Caesar is clearly evident in his speech after the assassination. Throughout his speech, Brutus relies on reason and logical rationale and syllogisms to explain the reasons behind the assassination If then that friend demand why Brutus rose over against Caesar, this is my answer not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free man? /as he was ambitious, I slew him. These strong and emotive words demonstrate Brutus strong love for Rome.Thus it can be verbalize that, although Shakespeare presents various perceptions towards Julius Caesar, the composers bias is not negated. In comparison to the perceptions both Cassius and Brutus have towards Caesar, is the perspectives of Antony and Caesar of himself. Antony looked at Caesar as a friend, a role model as well as a kind and deserving leader. This notion is exemplified through the use of emotive language O mighty Caesar /most noble strain of all this world/ the noblest man/ That ever lived in the tide of times.Furthermore, the use of descriptive and connotative language throughout Antonys funeral eulogy such as sweet Caesar paints Caesar as a victim to an appalling and monstrous crime. His disgust and pity towards the conspirators is also clearly illustrated throughout the eulogy. He describes the conspirators as butchers and, again in a soliloquy, cries havoc and let slip the dogs of war, which reiterates Antonys deep loathing of the conspirators actions towards Caesar. On the other hand, Caesar perceives himself as invincible as well as a grand and confident leader.Self promoting imagery which relates to constancy, But I am as constant as the northern star as well as Godlike, monumental power, Hence Wilt thou lift up Olympus? exemplifies his steady and firm nature of being a ruler . His confidence of being a successful leader which has been aroused by his social status is heightened throughout the imperative words For always I am Caesar. This therefore illustrates the some(prenominal) perceptions presented to the one personality in the play Julius Caesar.Hence it is evident, that the text Julius Caesar remains biased even though there are conflicting perspectives presented. Leunigs sarcastic cartoon Yet another picture with the wrong caption is another example of conflicting perspectives. The cartoon is in the form of a countersignpaper discipline in which shocking facts and statistics about the conditions in the war in Iraq are just beneath the image in which John Howard and George Bush are magnetic inclination forward, smiling and shaking hands in front of an immaculate fireplace.There are two very obvious perspectives being presented about the coalitions in the cartoon. The first-year perspective being their own views on themselves. In regards to the war in Iraq, both John Howard and George Bush believe they are doing an exceptional job. This view is make as the coalitions look self assured through their smug expressions. Also, the coalitions are overly pleased with themselves and look at one another as successful and righteous. In comparison to JuliusCaesar, the Conspirators believed that by killing Caesar, they would be doing Rome and the volume of Rome a favour. They strongly believed it was the right thing to do, and if they did not act in such a way, then Rome would have been controlled by a dictator. This notion can be linked to Leunigs cartoon Yet another picture with the wrong caption as only in the coalitions opinion that Sadam Hussein is a dictator and therefore must also be killed. The news reporters own opinion on the coalitions in Leunigs cartoon Yet another picture with the wrong caption is also apparent.This view is motivated through factual information, statistics which are provided, expert opinion present of the shocking reality of the war in Iraq Increasing numbers of children in Iraq do not have enough food to eat, and more than a quarter are chronically undernourished, a UN report says. In comparison to Shakespeares Julius Caesar, the people of Rome go against the conspirators and disagree with the killing of their leader. The removal of Caesar as a king and leader leads to civil strife, anarchy and eventually a war.The composer Leunig has represented the personalities in a negative light in the cartoon Yet another picture with the wrong caption. His aim is to satirise the coalition and highlight their malice and profound ignorance. Ultimately, there are many texts which portrays conflicting perspectives. These texts include Shakespeares play Julius Caesar as well as Leunigs sardonic cartoon Yet another picture with the wrong caption. Therefore is can be concluded that although conflicting perspectives towards the personality are represented the composers bias is still evident in var ious texts.

Energy Policy For Libya Environmental Sciences Essay

muscularity Policy For Libya Environmental Sciences EssayLibya is Africas largest fossil embrocate producing and exporting country, located in the heart of North Africa, the country is home to 6 million inhabitants distri exactlyed over an argona covering 1,750,000 Km2. Crude inunct is an integral part of the Libyan frugality and forms the basis on which the Libyan thrust policy is formed, however, with increasing globose drive towards more sustainable and renewable muscularity sources, admits issues of clime substitute, and global melting, thither has been renewed and concerted efforts shown by nations around the world to adopt more sustainable cogency sources, this has been high joyo rehearsed in varied global convections and treaties amongst which are, the 1997 Kyoto protocol, the 2009 Copenhagen summit to mention but a few. This paper attempts to highlight the place of a developing nation and major oil producer and exporter desire Libya in renewed efforts to ensur e begin dep dismissence on fossil fuel sources, the countrys current energy policies and the state or extent of renewable energy resource in the country admits global CO2 reduction targets of 80% by 2050 to stem human contributions to climate metamorphose and global warming from fossil fuels.Libyan ENERGY BACKGROUNDIn Libya, the daily mean(a) of solar radiation on a horizontal plane is 7.1 kWh/m2/day inside coastal regions, and 8.1 kWh/m2/day in the southern region, with average sun duration of more than 3500 hours per grade (Saleh Ibrahim, 1993). The national electric grid consists of high, medium and low voltage networks of about 12,000 km, 12,500 km and 7,000 km role lines individu all(prenominal)y with an installed capacity is 5600 MW and a peak Load of 3650 MW (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 1998). However, despite the remarkable energy network for a population of 6 million, energy is mainly concentrated in the major cities as m some(prenominal) villages and international areas a re located far away from these networks. The small population and small consumption needs of these areas make their community to the grid less economically viable. This has led to the use of small diesel generators in these areas contributing albeit minimally to the CO2 sackings. Furthermore the total dependence on fossil fuel sources for the generation of electrical energy for the national grid belies the tenets of conventions and treaties on climate change, global warming and sustainable energy development. This however calls for the proper judgement of current energy policies in Libya and the place of renewable energy. Libyan renewable energy resource has the potential to provide clean and reliable energy sources which gouge be used in many applications in remote areas (electrical energy, water pumping, etc.) and even contribute to the national grid. Albeit the use of renewable energies has been introduced in a wide-cut range of applications due to its convenience and econo mic attractiveness, application on a much larger weighing machine in Libya has been hampered by the relative abundance of cheaper pugnacious oil sources.GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE limitingCarbon emission has witnessed a meteoric rise since the turn of the Industrial age, Industrial processes take aim churned up 37 percent of amount of carbon in the atmosphere to date (Boden et al, 2009), Since the advent of industrialization, massive use of fossil fuels for energy generation gain been recorded, in that location has been increase in the amount of gaseous waste produced in homes, and from transportation. These Gases collectively result in forming a layer in the earths atmosphere protect radiated sunlight from the earths surface, depleting earths ozone layer and causing general warming of the earth. The effect of these gases is known as the green house effect, the process of gradual warming of the earth is orbiculate warming and the gases are referred to as green hou se gases.The gradual increase in the earths overall temperatures has a telling effect on activities and life contained in it. Scientist predict, that rising green house gas levels would result in greater earth warming and incessantly melting of the ice caps, increase in nautical mean water levels (20mm by 2020), increased flooding of coastal lands enhanced drought in arid lands (IPCC, 2007) etc, and these are part of the deleterious effect of climate change, which has led to a global outcry for the reduction in the emission of gases that give rise to this effect and the setting of CO2 reduction target of 80% by the year 2050. The earth is said to have warmed up by 0.740C over the operately hundred years and about 0.40C of this occurred in the last decade (DEFRA, 2006).Agreements, declarations and treaties have been made in summits top on the list of which is the Copenhagen Summit of 2009 borne to develop and exploit means for carbon capture and storage, The Rio declaration of 19 92 was to limn support for protection of the environment from the deleterious activities of man, while the Kyoto protocol of 1997, outlined the six major green house gases and set targets for governments to cut down on the output signal of these gases as waste.Human DriversGreenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere by motley mechanisms, chief amongst them is the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Over the past l years, growth of the world economic system has been hinged on worldwide energy use this has resulted in increase in global concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the airwave.The Kyoto Protocol highlighted anthropogenic emissions as a major cause and as an addendum listed six greenhouse gases.The KYOTO ProtocolIn 1997, the United Nations having evaluated the potential affright of global warming and the attendant causes (anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases) proceeded to outlined the six major greenhouse gases and set t argets (of 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050) for national governments to cut down on the generation of these gases as waste or emit them as pollutants. The summit held in Kyoto Japan, entered into force in 2005. The Protocol which shared the ultimate objective of the Convention in Kyoto, Japan was to ensure that nations take steps to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases ensuring that they do not go through levels that give enhance dangerous interference with the already delicate climate system. The convention also attempted to build upon with a view to enhancing many of the commitments that were already in place under the Convention (UNFCCC 2007).Albeit the Kyoto Protocol was influenced by political factors, its ratification by most countries whitethorn be justified in light of the peculiar features of the global warming debacle, the existence of uncertainties, non-linearities and irreversibilities, possible catastrophes with small probabilities, asymmetr ic distribution of impacts, and the very long planning horizon (IPCC, 1996).The scientific uncertainties enshrouding the climate change and global warming still remain a rallying point for critics.The Kyoto Protocol tackles emissions of six greenhouse gasescarbon dioxide (CO2)methane (CH4)nitrous oxide (N2O)hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).CURRENT LIBYAN ENERGY CLIMEThe Libyan economy has been heavily dependent on the hydrocarbon industry since the discovery of raspy oil. In 2008, the hydrocarbon industry in Libya accounted for over 95% of the countrys export earnings, 85-90% of fiscal revenues and over 70% of Libyas gross domestic product (GDP) (IMF 2009). Libya holds the largest crude oil deposit in Africa amounting close to 44 billion position of oil reserves (OGJ 2010). EIA 2008 data indicate that 2008 total oil production in Libya was approximately 1.88 million barrels per day (bbl/d).Energy is the backbone of the economy availability of cheap energy compared to other Mediterranean countries has helped to the expansion of all sectors, like industry, commerce, construction and services. However, as much gas is found in the crude (associated gas), Libya engages in gas flaring activities (to get rid of associated gas) thus ensuring a steady and direct injection of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.LIBYAN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES up-to-the-minute energy hang on in Libya cannot be considered as sustainable sources of energy, with increasing constitute of energy from attendant increase in exploration and refining cost, there is also the case of fuel sources being restrict and environmental problems. Fossil fuel is limited or finite and Libya relies on energy from two limited accomplished sources.Oil With total discovered resources estimated to 44 billion bbl.Natural Gas With total discovered resources estimated to 1300 billion m3.It is estimated that Libyas oil resources will not last more than 50 years with current rate of exploration and production, albeit natural gas is expected to last a little longer (Saleh 2006)It is projected that by the year 2050, prices of crude oil barrel may reach more than $200 while Libya would require about 70 million barrels of oil per year for electricity production requirement costing about 14 billion dollars annually. This would ultimately result in pressure on crude oil sources, its availability and increase in cost of generating electricity therefore underpinning the need for more sustainable forms of energy. By contrast, the abundance of potential sustainable energy in Libya decries the dependence on fossil fuels for example the solar radiation in Libya is equivalent to a layer of 25 cm of crude oil per year on the land surface.Energy and emissions figures in libyaJacqueline 2000 reports that the amount of greenhouse gases emitted determines the magnitude and rate of future climate change, the sensitivity of climate to these gases and the degree to which the effects are modified by aerosol emissions. Libya, with 2002 estimations, had a 69.2 % energy consumption from oil and 30.8 % from natural gas, the emissions of CO2 attributed mainly to oil (71.7 %) and (28.3 %) natural gas (EIA, 2005), this means invariably that the energy sector which is the main source of greenhouse emissions in Libya depends mainly on fossil fuels (oil and natural gas). CO2 emission in Libya is put at 55.5 million tonnes per annum in 2009 following United Nations reports relating to 9.19 tonnes per capita and 31.5 tonnes per kilometre square (World Bank 2010).Libyan Energy consumption by SectorCurrent Libyan Energy consumption shows a total dependence on energy from fossil fuel sources. With domestic consumption of 273,000 bbl/d in 2008, shared within the sectors as described below.Residential 34%Industry 27%Commercial 27%Transport 12%Source Oil and Gas Directory 2010.Figure 1 Current energy consumption in Libya by sectorTable 1 Energy Production in Li bya display caseProductionConsumption exportingNatural Gas12 b m3/y3 b m3/y9 b m3/yOil0.6 b bbl/y0.1 b bbl/y0.5 b bbl/yElecticity20 T Wh/ySource Saleh 2006Environmental Impact Carbon Implication/ hereafter projectionsLibyan military unit stations utilize only fuel from fossil sources to generate electricity, and with the high demand of energy, from all the sectors which is estimated to more than fork-like by 2050, there is going to be substantial increase in CO2 emissions by 2050, thus raising atmospheric carbon levels and contributing ever so staidly to the already deteriorating state of the climate. With the varied effect of global warming already being felt steps need to be taken to limit pass on emissions and manage present situation.Anthropic emissions of CO2 amounted to 26 billion tonnes in 2004. In a reference scenario extrapolating current trends, CO2 emissions are set to double by 2050, to more than 50 billion tonnes of CO2 a year. Continuing this trend would lead to an atmospheric concentration of CO2 exceeding 1,000ppm (parts per million) at the end of the 21st century, a concentration that is totally unacceptable in terms of its climate impact and its socio-economic consequences (IFP 2007).Global Warming Trends/ Future TrendsIn a acquit to predict future climate change conditions, Scientists develop mathematically- ground climate models. Adopting different assumptions on how various factors play to predict how atmospheric CO2 levels and temperatures will change in future.The variables in each model includePopulation growth rateEconomic developmentEnergy useEfficiency of energy useMix of energy technologiesThe graph below shows the results from three climate models used by the IPCC, with predictions starting in 1990 and ending in the year 2100. In all three, the global population rate rises during the first half of the century, and then declines.The A1B model assumes rapid economic growth and increased equity-the reduction of regional differ ences in per-person income. brand-new and more efficient technologies are introduced, without relying heavily on a single energy source.The A1F1 model is the same as A1B, but assumes the continued use of fossil fuel-intensive technologies.In the B1 model, the world moves rapidly from a producer-consumer economy toward a service and information economy. There is a reduction in the use of raw materials, and an strain on clean and efficient technologies and better equity.Other models have been developed, each based upon a different set of assumptions.Figure 2 Adapted from IPCC, third gear Assessment Report on Climate Change, 2001.Global temperature increases predicted by three different IPCC climate models.Although differing in degree, these three climate prediction models show interchangeable trendsThe projected rate of global warming in the future is much larger than the rate of global warming during the 20th century.Predicted rates of global warming are greater than any seen in the past 10,000 years. (Exploring earth 2009)From the chart above it is clear where we have to take a stand. With the above stated set forth and the statistical review, it is imperative to develop a strategy that first curtails present carbon emissions and subsequently reduces the overall generation from various sources described above.MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE VIA LIBYAN ENERGY POLICY INCORPORATING RENEWABLE ENERGYStrategies for reducing CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and Implementation TechniquesTaking into cognisance current emission trends and sectors fingered in CO2 emissions, cutting down of emission cannot be over emphasized. A proactive approach to detailing of strategic plans of action for death penalty must take into account past emission log amply understand the current situation and project reduction measures that proffer solutions through a cost effective and practicable approach. To achieve these, the need to fully understand the scope of the problems at hand is impe rative. To this end, I propose a utilitarian based all inclusive approach to reducing 80% emission by 2050. My approach is based on the incorporation of renewable energy in the Libyan energy policy.Libyan Renewable Energy PotentialLibyan geographical location positions 88% of its area in the Sahara desert region of Africa, where there is a high propensity of solar energy which can be used to generate electricity via solar energy conversions, of both photovoltaic panels, and or thermally. accord to the trans Mediterranean interconnection for concentrating solar power (MED-CSP)highlights Libyas renewable energy potention as depicted in the table below.Table 2 Renewable energy sources for LibyaTypePotentialitysolar electricity140,000 TWh/yWind electricity15 TWh/yBiomass2 TWh/yTotal157,000 TWh/ySource Saleh 2006.This shows enough renewable resource potential to meet 3 times electricity demand in Libya by the year 2050Renewable energy hold advantages over conventional fossil fuel source s for the provision of energy in that they portend convenience and are economically effective and viable in many areas of applications. Libyan renewable energy resource consists of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy, solar thermal applications, kink energy, and BiomassSolar Energy conversion of solar energy in Libya for electricity generations could be in two forms, the utilization of photovoltaics or solar thermal application.Thermal ConversionsSolar heaters were introduced in Libya in 1983 with a take flight project that include 10 systems. The effectiveness of these systems has led to facility of about 2000 additional solar heaters. Figures show that water heating consumes about 12% of energy from national electricity production however, fundamental issues limit wider application of thermal converters for water heating in Libya, these issues includeAbsence of decentralised national or personal electricity generation industry.Lack of information for the people.Low electri c energy tariff.Solar PhotovoltaicsOperating on the simple principle of direct conversion of solar power into electricity, achieved by the agitation of electrons in P-N junctions by photons which thus creates an electric current which is tapped of by conducting wires.PV resource potential within Libya is enormous current small scale applications highlight the use of PV in the following areasPV in Microwave Communication Networks Amongst the 500 repeater station in Libya, 9 have been run by photovoltaic systems up until the end of 1997 producing a total peak power of 10.5 KWp. Of these, four still run after 26 years of work, with minimal tending as the batteries which they use are open type batteries and were replaced three times with an average lifetime of eight years. With the technical and economical success of PV systems, all colloquy networks previously powered by diesel generators were converted to PV systems thus effectively bringing the total number of PV run station to ab out 80. The total installed photovoltaic peak power by 2005 was around 420 KWp. (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 2003).PV in Cathodic protection Saleh Ibrahim et al., (2004), showed it cost $1.4 to supply one KWh of daily supply load of 15 KWh for a cathodic protection (CP) station located 5 Km from a 11 KV electric grid. Also another study showed that PV systems were more at ease and economical for the production of a daily CP load of 7.5 KWh from a distance of more than 1.2 Km from the 11 KV electric grid. This highlighted the importance and value of PV systems and and then their application.Further Future ApplicationsPV systems in Rural ElectrificationIn Libya rural areas face electrification problems because they are far away from the national grid and it wouldnt be economical to extend electric network to low demand areas, to this end the incorporation of PV systems would be invaluable. Currently, Libya plans to electrify rural areas consist of scattered houses, villages, and water pu mping with PV systems, these Villages include Mrair Gabis village, Swaihat village, Intlat village, Beer al-Merhan village, and Wadi Marsit village (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 2006)The installation of PV systems started in the middle of 2003. The total number of systems installed by General Electric company of Libya (GECOL) is 340 with a total capacity of 220 kWp, while the ones installed by the Center of Solar Energy Studies (CSES) and the Saharan Center are 150 with a total power of 125 KWp. The applications are 380 systems for isolated houses, 30 systems for police stations, and 100 systems for roadway illumination. The total peak power is 345 KWp.PV for Water pumpingThe use of PV systems in Water pumping portends great advantages for rural communities as remote wells which are used to supply water for human and live stock that are located in rural places.Environment It is worthy to note that the environmental impact of PV is less than that of any other renewable (Boyle 2004), howeve r, concerns have been showed for toxic compounds used in the production of some PV e.g. Cadmium.Economics From the word go, PV systems have continued to improve in cost effectiveness and if such a trend keeps up, it could become a force for contention with fossil fuels.Integration With no medium for storing of electricity and the fluctuating temperament of PV generation problems accrue over integration of PV electricity to the National grid. Although, the grid is designed to cope with massive fluctuations in demand, and similarly fluctuating supply like PV considered negative loads, analyst suggest that without large amounts of cheap electricity storage PV sources cannot make major contributions (Boyle 2004). Presently the conversion efficiency of PV cells is low (15%-30%) so this may hamper possibilities.Wind EnergySince 1940, revolve energy has been utilized for water pumping in many oases. The potential of this renewable energy source has not been fully harnesses in Libya espe cially for powering rural communities and farms and use in irrigation. 2004 Libyan measurements of the sneak speed statistics showed that there is a high potential for wind energy in Libya with the average wind speed at a 40 meter height is between 6- 7.5 m/s. The Libyan government has seen the potential in wind energy generation of electricity and have contracted the the project for use of wind energy for electricity production. This project includes the installation of a 25 MW wind farm as a pilot project. Also, a project to prepare two Atlas that provide fast access to reliable solar and wind data throughout Libya is also been contracted for. The Atlas will allow for accurate analysis of the available wind and solar resources anywhere in Libya, and will be therefore be invaluable to the planning of profitable wind farms and solar projects.In other to meet the target of an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050, it is imperative to tackle from source electricity generation which utilises fossil fuels by the setting up of an energy policy that seeks to ensure that energy from renewable energy sources contributes 10% to Libyas electricity demand by the year 2020. As stated above, photovoltaic has been used for small and medium sized remote applications with proven economic feasibility however, several constraints and barriers, including costs exist. The experience of rural applications shows that there is a high potential of building large scale PV plants in the south of the Mediterranean.The potential for utilizing, home grid connected photovoltaic systems, large scale grid connected electricity generation using Wind farms, and solar thermal for electricity generation is great, with capacities of several thousands of MW. At the business end, Libya can expand its electricity generation capacities from its eneormous renewable source to meet the demands of Mediterranean countries, fetching advantage of its proximity to the European energy market. This can be c onsidered as a future plan. The potential for Solar energy resources to effectively replace oil and gas has to be harnessed. Renewable energy resources portend good opportunities for technology transfer and international cooperation. In the current Libyan energy clime, the decentralised nature of renewable energy technologies make them particularly well suited for rural energy development further enhancing use of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) adoptive by Kyoto Protocol in renewable energy applications that would reduce CO2 emissions.For Proper development of Libyan Renewable energy potential, the following have to be metPromotion of private investment in transfer of renewable energy technology and services.Introduce renewable energy in formal education course of instruction as well as Increase informal education on all energy aspects.Development of policies that support the introduction of renewables via local, national and international partnerships endurance the internat ional investment to invest in the industry.International cooperation that seeks to aid the development and construction of large scale solar energy applications as a pilot project.Development and support, of technical, financial, and institutional, research mechanisms for sustainable development.Development of national energy policies and regulatory frameworks that would aid in the creation of the necessary economic, social and institutional conditions in the energy sector and improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services for sustainable development.CONCLUSIONCurrent Libyan energy policy depicts a system that lacks efficiency in the production and consumption of energy, challenge lies in the development of energy efficiency in the various sectors with several barriers including lack of access to technology, capacity building, and institutional issues. In other to achieve energy efficiency in both energy cons umption and production sides, it is imperative to incorporate renewable energy in all energy end-using sectors, the focus is on improving equipment efficiency of services, such as heating and air conditioning equipment, appliances, lighting and motors. On the supply and production side, energy management should focus on incorporation of renewable energy in energy generation, improved industrial processes, co generation and energy recovery systems. Energy efficiency can help reducing cost, preserving natural resources and protecting the environment..Furthermore, as Libya is a non append I country under the UNFCCC, and a signatory to the Kyoto protocol, Libya is currently eligible for the CDM. The main emitters of CO2 in 2003 are fuel combustion in the power generation sector. Libyas energy related CO2 emissions increased by more than 78% in one decade mostly due to increased energy supply and significant reduction could be achieved if improved energy utilization efficiency by the ma jor energy sectors is encouraged.Conclusively, The Legislative Act Number 7 of 1982 concerning the protection of the environment which is Libyas biggest environmental protection act looks into a holistic plan to protect the environment, water, land, wildlife, plants, food etc from the deleterious activities of both man and nature. This piece of code which has a total of 11 sections and 75 articles was promulgated by the General Peoples Congress, Libyas highest executive authority. Below are the underlisted sections of this legislationSection 1 General victualsSection 2 fortress of the AtmosphereSection 3 apology of Seas and Marine ResourcesSection 4 Protection of Water ResourcesSection 5 Protection of FoodstuffsSection 6 Environmental HealthSection 7 Protection from Contagious DiseasesSection 8 Soils and Plant ProtectionSection 9 Protection of WildlifeSection 10 Interim ProvisionsSection 11 PenaltiesThe import of these legislation, and strict enforcements would help L ibya in meeting the 2050 target of 80% reduction in CO2 emission.

A Childs Place In The Big Society Social Work Essay

A Childs Place In The Big Society Social Work EssayIt is a great countenance and pleasure to pick out been asked by Marg bet Hodge and Patricia Hewitt to give the startle call on the carpet in memory of Henry Hodge. It is also a almostwhat daunting task. At first sight I would not be an obvious choice to speak today, nor did I regain my subject on children was obviously connected with a lecture in memory of Henry. There is however a strong connection between issues much or less children and his strong thought of social welf atomic number 18 was wellspring demo by his spending 5 years as deputy director of Child Poverty Action Group and his successful legal aid place which included family and children cases. As a father and grandfather in his private life as well as in his distinguished public charge he c ard passionately slightly children. Marg art assures me that my decision to talk about children would pose met with his approval.My theme this evening is to examine ho w our children fit in to the Big Society which was at the heart of the Prime subgenus Pastors speech in November 2009 and part of the strategy of the bond political sympathies. I shall refer very briefly to a variety of problems children face, to a greater extent or less of which ar not as widely recognised as new(prenominal)(a)s. One aspect which is not always appreciated is how they are viewed by the adult public and the media and how they are treated. This has an important effect upon how they view themselves, their self esteem and how their voice is heard in our adult society. Much, if not indeed, all of what I say is well cognize still I feel that it is worth repeating at a moment when the phrase the Big Society is in the in the raws and both brass and the public need to have the wellbeing and rights of children well in the forefront of the difficult and challenging decisions which have to be made.The Big SocietyThe Prime Minister spoke of Galvanising, catalysing, pr ompting, encouraging and agitating for community engagement and social renewal. It must help families, individuals, charities and communities come together to solve problems. It was an ambitious agenda to build a Big Society based around social responsibility and community action. Oliver Letwin described the relationship between government and civil society asGovernment helping to sustain a society that is a fecund tapestry of active citizens, families, places of worship, dedicated professions and independent associations.These are worthy ambitions in which families, schools and welfare assume an important part. The Labour Government produced Green and White Papers dedicated to the theme Every Child Matters. They did somewhat good work, including Sure Start, and it is encouraging that the Coalition Government intends to continue to control Sure Start and to target the poorest families. But, in a sense, they unless scratched the surface of the multiplicity of the demand of chil dren. No government should discredit the size and complexity of the problems withal many children face in growing up in this domain and the financial cost of coping even with some of them. That financial cost, even in a period of austerity, must not blind us to the essential requirement in considering priorities to put children and what they require at the beginning, middle and end of all discussions and decisions which need to be made.What are the problems children face in growing up? Many of them are common to all children and we ourselves as children had to work our way through them. But for too many children those ordinary problems of ad verticaling to the adult world are compounded by and sometimes distorted by their state of health, the health of their parents, the behaviour of their parents, the environment in which they live and above all by poverty. Cl early on in the time available I stern only when touch very briefly upon some issues and those faced by children who l ive within or who come to the UK. For most children their problems whitethorn not be as immediate nor as life threatening as those in some other parts of the world simply they are very real number and can inhibit and undermine their childhood.In a report from UNICEF Child poverty in perspective An overview on child well-being in rich countries (2007) it stated, under the heading childrens material well being, that the evidence from across the world is that children who grow up in poverty are more vulnerable specifically they are likely to be in poor health, to have learning and behavioural difficulties, to underachieve at school, to become pregnant at too early an age, to have lower skills and aspirations, to be low paid, unemployed and welfare dependent. Of course, these problems do not apply to all children growing up in poor families but it does not alter the fact that, on average, children who grow up in poverty are likely to be at a decided and substantial disadvantage. I shall now look very briefly at how those words apply to the UK.Children in povertyEven after the recession, the UK remains one of the richer countries in the world. But the reality of life for some of our children is that 29% of British children live in poverty. everyplace one million children live in seriously overcrowded accommodation. Over 100,000 children in the UK live in temporary accommodation. Many poor children do badly in education. Over a million children truant from school and about 9,000 are permanently excluded. Such children tend to live in the areas of highest deprivation where there is a high incidence of drugs and crime. The UK has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies in westerly Europe many of whom are schoolgirls. Well over a million school children are working illegally.The government is committed to improving education and the new Secretary of State for development has a number of innovative and exciting ideas. I was delighted that in the debate in the Lo rds on the Queens rescue the Minister for Schools, Lord Hill of Oareford, said that raising standards, lifting aspirations and tackling behaviour are crucial. That result help all children but, above all, it should help those from the most disadvantaged backgrounds who have suffered most.The problems of educating children from the most disadvantaged areas are partly having good enough schools and teachers who enthuse and inspire but also motivating the parents as well as the children to the mapping and importance of education for a childs future life. A lack of education has a devastating effect upon job prospects and a distressing large harmonise of children leave school without the basic skills. If you cannot fill in an application form by hand or online you probably will not get a job. It is a huge task to motivate families to want education but it is crucial for the future of this country. One area of education which should be tackled by the Education Minister is the need f or better education of children who are in youth custody. It is a crucial part of the fight once against the high rate of re-offending. The capital of the United Kingdom charity, Kids Company, helps to indoctrinate and support teen people who stream into that subtle organisation which, at run, receives government support. I very much hope that such support will not be cut. To do so would be self defeating a short bourn cost benefit but a long term expensive blunder.Intervention at an early stage with problem families is crucial. Some parents as well as their children need help and I am reminded of an excellent voluntary preschool initiative which was set up in a poor part of London some years ago. It concentrated on young single(a) mothers and required them to attend with their children. One mother had almost never talked to her microscopical girl. After 3 months attending with her child they were seen at Christmas dancing down the move both singing Christmas carols. The pl ace closed for lack of funds. It is important for government, in funding voluntary initiatives, to keep on giving support and not just start up costs. All too often otherwise they fold as that one did. I turn now to other groups of children who have problems, some but not all connected with poverty.Children in need of careTwo children die each week from abuse or neglect within the home. Social workers are the thin line of protection of children at risk. They are criticised when they intervene and when they do not intervene in dysfunctional families. It is crucial for the well being of children at risk that the work of social workers is better understood and that social workers are given the status they deserve. It is not just a promontory of pay it is also recognition of the importance of the work they do. There is no doubt that some children have to be removed permanently from their families. But it is a sad reflection on our system of care that looked after children do markedly l ess well at school than other children. More support for children in care is needed.Around 5,000 children under the age of 16 are used for prostitution in the UK, including those moving across borders. Children are trafficked into the UK not only for prostitution but also for forced labour and begging. Boys from Vietnam are brought into the UK to tend cannabis plants in well to do suburbs of big cities such as London there are over 3,000 cannabis farms in England and about 300 in London. Very young children, often Romany children, are brought into the country and taught to shop in a modern day Fagin style. Bulgarian children are brought here by gangs to work the London underground system and Bulgarian practice of law are working with our British Transport police to deal with it. Trafficking of people is now more lucrative for the gangs than drugs. The last government signed the European Convention on trafficking and incorporated it into English law. The Metropolitan Police has be en engaged in excellent work with other countries which receives some European financial support and, up to now, some government support. One problem is that the UKBorder Agency does not uniformly recognise the welfare needs of young people who are victims of trafficking and much more education and flexibility in decision making is necessary.Immigration and asylum children coming here and living here are treated very differently from citizen children although I understand that the new government is intending that such children should no longer be detained. The Family Justice Council, at the request of its Voice of the Child sub-group, has set up a discussion with the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and they have held two meetings. They are looking at the concerns of the Childrens Commissioner about the treatment of asylum and trafficked children both here and on their return to their own homes. They agreed that an Adjudicator Guidance Note from Henry Hodge in 2004 on Unaccompanied Children would be a good starting point. I think Henry would have been very supportive of these discussions.There is another very large group of children, many of whom do not come from deprived backgrounds but who face problems which may have an inhibiting and sometimes devastating effect upon their development. The most obvious is the family in which one parent is violent to or threatening and scare towards the other parent. Generally it is the man but a minority are women. I make out of cases where children hide in the kitchen with the TV on very clamorously so as not to hear what is going on. Children do not have to be physically attacked to be victims of municipal violence. I was concerned to come across up that in the case of Raoul Moat the prison authorities informed the police domestic violence unit. I hope that did not mean that the warning was not taken seriously. I must however pay a tribute both to the Crown Prosecution Service and the Association of Chief Police Off icers who take domestic violence very seriously. But domestic violence is widespread and children are also the victims.There are also children, also not from deprived backgrounds whose life is turned upside down by the separation of their parents. When parents part many, of course not all, do not sufficiently consider the effect upon their children or even tell their children what is going on. When I sat as a judge in children residence/custody cases, I often thought that the last people who should be making decision s about the children were the parents. Over 60% of fathers who leave do not stay in touch with their children more than occasionally, most of that 60% not at all. They do not tell their children why and the children do not even have the consolation of a visitation process. Children, even young children, can often have a sensible view of what would be best for them. Some years ago in knot children of all ages whose parents had separated were asked their views about the process. The views ranged from sadness, confusion, guilt that they were responsible for the parting to anger and frustration. All parents considering separation should see or read about the effect on their children and many parents would be astonished. Fortunately only a small minority of parents go to war over their children. But those who do make endless applications to the courts which may last for years. Almost always both parents are to blame and the children are the victims. Those children also may do less well at school and may sense it difficult to make lasting relationships as adults.It is very important that there should be access to justice in all child welfare cases. I am, of course, aware of the huge burden of legal aid. The last government made substantial cuts to legal aid in family cases. The Ministry of Justice is likely to be making further substantial cuts. But the welfare of children is the paramount concern of the courts in the Children Act 1989. It must not b e lost sight of by the government in its austerity measures.Children who offendEngland and Wales are seen as a punitive country in our approach to young offenders. We lock up more young people than any other Western country and most countries in the world. Well over 2,000 children aged between 15 and 17 are in Young Offender Institutions and some who are much younger. The four Childrens Commissioners of the UK said in a joint Report in June 2008 to the UN Committee on the Rights of the ChildThere is a very punitive approach to misbehaviour by children and young people and the criminal justice system is used too readily. Compared to other European countries, England has a very low age of criminal responsibility and high numbers of children are locked up.We know from research the ways in which many children become criminals. There are many reasons and I am sure you all know them so forgive me for rehearsing some of them. I do not retrieve that children are born wicked although some m ay be born with mental illness or behavioural problems which may incline them to serious misbehaviour. But for many children it is the environment and not inherent characteristics which are likely to set them on a course of crime. Poverty to which I have referred earlier is obvious and there is a link between poverty in childhood, poor health, low educational attainments and lack of future opportunities which encourages crime.We also know that dysfunctional families create an environment where children offend. There are children and young people who have never had a good home never had a specify background may or may not know who their father was or may live in a family with drink, drugs, mental illness, serious domestic violence, abuse towards the children or serious neglect. These problems at home create situations, not surprisingly, in which children react adversely. In some families no-one loves the child or shows affection other than in an abusive situation. He may be and pro bably with such a background will be disruptive at school, permanently excluded and offered little or no education at home. Children truant for a variety of reasons and truanting leads to crime.Increasing numbers of young people are on drugs and have to find the money to pay for them. He, and increasingly she, will be roaming the streets and joining gangs. The gang becomes the family, the security and, while they are feral towards the community, they support each other. Because no-one has ever cared about them, they care about no-one outside the gang. Why should they? Many such young people do not understand the concepts of good behaviour, honesty or bounty that we expect from our children and grandchildren. We are shocked, I certainly am, by the appalling brutality of some of the attacks by teenagers, often on other teenagers, but I believe many of these young people would not understand why we were shocked. They live in an entirely different world from us. One can see why many of the public react adversely to children who offend and especially teenagers. Yet a Chief Constable recently went on record saying that the police alone could not deal with the feral gangs of young people and society had to do something about it.The Labour Government did some good work with young Offender Schemes (YOTS) and other initiatives to divert children from crime as well as dealing constructively with those who had already offended but much more needs to be done. It is often pointed out that to keep a child or young person in custody costs substantially more than move a child to Eton. So it is very encouraging to hear that the Lord Chancellor is looking at reducing the prison population. He should start with the children and young people in youth custody. Of course some children have to be locked up for the safety of society and often of themselves but we surely should not be at the top of the European countries in our figures of youth custody.As a result of our signing the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (although not incorporated into English law) the UNCRC Committee reported in October 2008 on the UK and recommended that the State party (the UK) take all appropriate measures to ensure that the principle of the best interests of the child, in accordance with artwork 3 of the Convention, is adequately integrated in all legislation and policies which have an impact on children, including the area of criminal justice and immigration and recommends that the UK fully machine international standards of juvenile justice.I hope that this government will takes those comments to heart so that the next UNCRC Report will be more encouraging than the preceding ones.The Prime Minister sees the Big Society based on social responsibility and community action and I was interested to read about a proposal for a National Citizens Service for 16 year olds. I strongly support the encouragement of local initiatives and have already referred to Kids Compa ny. Other examples are a police scheme in Sheffield to divert 6 year olds from being couriers for local gangs and a drop in centre in Tiverton in North Devon which concentrates on advising and counselling young people between 11 and 19. The Tiverton project is entirely funded by local donations. If, however, there are to be other good local projects round the country, there may need to be some financial support which would be very cost effective in diverting children and young people from crime, prostitution and drugs and protecting the community. Restorative justice is another area which is being successfully explored.I know that we live in a time of financial stringency and austerity. I do not for a moment suggest that the government can immediately improve the circularise of the children whose problems I have set out but, in implementing financial cuts and allocating scarce resources, our children must be at the forefront of all decisions which affect them.Children in the mediaI turn finally to an entirely different subject but one about which I feel strongly, the way in which the media portrays children. I refer again to the Report of the Four Children Commissioners in June 2008 who referred to the negative image of children and saidIn the UK there is a widely held fear of young people which has been partly fuelled by the consistently negative portrayal of young people in the media. Seventy one percent of media stories about young people are negative and a third of articles about young people are about crime. Young people feel the media represent them as anti-social, a group to be feared, selfish criminal and uncaring. They believe that the media stereotypes the majority of young people based on the bad behaviour of a minority. The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation.Examples of the press portraying in vivid language the wickedness of children and young pe ople were starkly illustrated in the cases of bloody shame Bell and Thompson and Venables. In both cases the tone of the press and the tone of those who responded to the press was that such children were the embodiment of evil and should never be released from imprisonment for life. The approach of this country is vastly different from parts of Scandinavia, for example Norway where such children would more easily be reintegrated into the community. I recognise that such a move might be impossible here in the UK and the headlines in all types of newspapers would be soft on youth crime. In my view all parts of the media, but chiefly the newspapers, should reflect upon the views of children expressed by the Commissioners and take them to heart. This is one among many other issues where the voice of the child should be heard. Article 12 of the UNCRC articulates that right.ConclusionFinally I return to the 2007 UNICEF Report which said in its forewordThe true measure of a nations standi ng is how well it attends to its children their health and safety, their material security, their education and socialisation and their sense of being loved, valued and included in the families and societies into which they were born.That foreword seems to me to encompass what we in this country should seek to achieve for our children. They are our future and there is little heading in striving to improve society unless we are aware that what we do has to be for them or there is no purpose in our lives. Children must thus be at the core and in the heart of the Big Society.This article is based on the first Sir Henry Hodge memorial lecture given on 19 July 2010 at the Law Society, London.

Importance of talent management

Importance of talent managementIntroductionChanges to the environment in which swears operate was caused by high risk lending which right away have higher capital requirements, tougher regulations and scarcer funding. The economic downturn has affected the commiting industry in such a way that fighting for survival is a essential to avoid liquidation, acquisition, closures, takeovers and mergers. As a result, banks are faced with managing risks, compensation and growth itself.According to Marcus, who did 25 years of research found out that the most sure-fire organisations were those people who focused on what they did best. The banks approach was to accentuate the positive through talent management and forgoership culture with a goal of measurably counterchange magnitude its leadership capacity by 2011. Using the strength based philosophy in the transitional change process, which is valuable in an international environment that is immensely diversified.Importance of talent m anagementTalent management involves individuals and organisational development in response to a changing and complex environment. Talent management focuses on capricious superior business results through people by Attracting the right people to the industry. Maintaining and keeping employees fully engaged in their work. Identifying and developing potential leaders. Motivating and reward employees efforts in innovative ways. Aligning human resource programs, policies and processes to business goals.Why Talent Management? For banks to survive at this period they need to strategise a dour term goal of managing employees during the recession which is short term and after the recession which is long term through the continuous individual personalised development(CIPD), right from the recruitment stage. As Haley says its everybodys Holy Grail to create local internal pipelines and there having continuous supply of talent.Banks will survive the recession period because of the talent they moderate and develop, as Haley said there is not enough supply, so you have to develop your own people. Without the continuous use of talent management, they will not be able to cope once the recession is over, because they will not have the necessary skills to fill positions quickly to meet evolving business needs.The fight for existence has lead to a wide scale of redundancies hence a significant lost of talent. With the continuous use of talents management, banks will grow, expand and develop in a agonistical market with the skills and talents they continuously develop after redundancies, because the demand out ways the supply for talented people during the recession.Banks tend to cut down court, especially on the training and development of employees, forgetting that people and their development is the recognize to the success of any organisation no matter what the economic climate is. Cutting down cost on training and development can have a long term effect on an organ isation, which can lead the organisation to loosing its market share.The bank gains competitive advantages over its competitors by continuously improving its talent. By identifying the key innovative employees to the organisation that can be further trained and equip to abide or solve future problems that may arise. This could be the companys core competence and being the success factor which could be its competitive edge over competitors.It develops employees innovative skills needed for and after the recession. Haley said its base on the idea that people will be successful because they play to their strengths not because they manage their weakness, Skills will be available once the recession is over because innovation comes from the best people who are drivers of long term change. It increases the productivity of employees, hence high quality, effectiveness and skill is maintained.The risk of loosing employees to competitors due to lack of motivation during the recession, talent management motivates employees to stay with the organisation long term, knowing there is an opportunity for growth and development. Motivation gives the employees the assertion that they need to carry out their job properly hence innovative skills can be transferred or adopted.With staff engagement, career planning and continuous personal development plans from the Human resources development department, there will be enough supply of skills and creative innovation. The organisations brand will be recognised for its training and development policy, which will attract the best people with the appropriate skills for the Job who can add value to the industry.Importance of change managementChange is the process of transforming the port in which individuals or organisations act and requires most employees to learn new skills. Change is perennial in the economic situation that we currently facing, implementing talent management to constitute change is essential for the success of stan dard bank which explores new opportunities for growth and increase productivity. It can be very effective when people are come to in the change process, by providing training in new values, skills and behaviours.Change affects the managers leadership roles and employees in which they are all subjects to the same reactions of resistance and constraints. It is vital that the change process is managed properly to sign up the level of resistance. Change management could have a long term effect of being cost effective it could reduce the cost of future uncertainties that may occur, hence improving the quality of products in the global economy.ConclusionThe continued use of talent management minimises change resistance, it maintains key skills to boost up the bank hence the talent management is incorporated into the banks culture. In order to maximise the talent management process it is essential that the bank adopts Dave Ulrichs (1997) three legged stool model of Shared Service Centre, Business Partners and Centres of Expertise to make sure the team is well motivated.

British Romanticism versus American Romanticism :: essays research papers

I bet since you read the topic of my paper that you think that this will be a kissy kissy, lovey adhesive story about two British and American lovebirds. Well, the truth is that its not, in fact, it is totally different The word romance has changed very much since our contractable fathers had defined it. Unfortunately, I cannot write about Valentines Day, and things pertaining to that, but I will tell you how romance used to be and what exactly romance was like ahead modern day life changed the definition. So now, Ill explain the differences, as well as the similarities between the British and American Romance.First, lets upset a little bit of overview about the British and American romance definitions. The British defined Romanticism as a fascination with youth and innocence as well as a questioning of authority. Also, changing tradition for idealistic purposes and an adaptation to change. p. The American poets defined Romanticism as a take of thought that valued feelings and intuition over reason. p. 143. A Journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought and toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of imagination. p. 142. American romance also showed a great respect to youth and innocence, just like that of the British. One of the very active British poets of this time, William Blake, wrote a very keen poem called The Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence, and the following is a quote from the poem, Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm,So if all do their certificate of indebtedness they need not fear harmAs you can see, the trait of youth and innocence is easily visible in this poem. The child thinks that if he follows the unrelenting laws of his keepers, that he will be treated well. Unfortunately, these are the thoughts of an innocent and naive mind. So he doesnt have the experience to realize this though.It is probably apt(predicate) to say that British and American romance originat ed from two different places. There were two primary events that caused the creation of British Romanticism. The primary was the French Revolution. The two major(ip) Romantic writers of this time were all for the expansion of ideas from the French, however, the English didnt want this. This whole period made many stories and poems possible. The American Romanticism developed from a totally different string of events, however.

Racism, Society, and Martin Espadas Beloved Spic Essay -- Espada Belo

Racism, Society, and Martin Espadas Beloved spick On April 4, 1968 America experienced the tragic expiration of one of its greatest social leaders, Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a pivotal leader in the courteous rights movement who permeated American history as a man who maintained the importance of nonviolent social change. He fought racism at bottom the worldly concern domain by pursuing school integration and radical civil rights for the African-American biotic community. Thirty-one years after his death, America is forced to evaluate the exact implications of his legacy on modern societys attitudes towards race and race relations. Did the civil rights movement really promote positive changes in race relations? How far has American society really come? Despite the efforts of King and many an(prenominal) of his comrades, racism is still prevalent in modern society. However, its presence is evidenced primarily in the attitudes and values which are taught to ind ividuals in the private sector of American life as opposed to the laws and restrictions placed on individuals in the public sector during the civil rights era. Therefore, while racism appears to have dissipated within the public arena, it is most powerfully present in the privacy of our families and homes. This is also the most destructive arena for racism as seen in the poem Beloved Spic by Martin Espada. Espada uses his own life experiences to illustrate racisms continued effect and presence in American culture today. Despite societys best efforts to keep racism contained within the private domain, its effects filter through familial boundaries and mock the efforts of past martyrs for social change. There is a marked dichotomy between attitudes and behaviors exhibited within ... ...So the oppugn still remains, has American society really come that far in race relations and where do we go from here? Martin Espada answers the question by illustrating the main(prenomin al) level of racism experienced by a minority living in modern society. The civil rights movement did make positive changes for the African-American community on various different political and social levels. However, racism needs to be broken down to its smallest components, which are the individuals who support and teach racist attitudes. The family itself is the canonical unity of society. Therefore, the only way racism will be completely eliminated on a social level is if it is stopped on the individual level. Treating racism as a social phenomenon will provide short-term solutions, but will not treat the virus of hatred perpetuating its continued existence in our society today.