Issue In Health Policy And Management Essay

Presentation The component of prosperity is a characteristic worry for the entire of humankind. It includes the support of a parity, inside that person, with their individual being and with nature. The essential job of the individual’s wellbeing anyway is of outrageous significance. The onlooker of human services refrains clinical consideration. Medicinal services alludes to the avoidance, cure and treatment of disease and the maintaining of mental and physical height through the administrations of the unified organizations incorporate social protection, which is an administration undertaking for the oppressed, harmed, matured or even jobless populace. A pool of commitments from managers and furthermore government salary finances social protection. Human services likewise incorporates clinical guide, and is a government state financed program that profits social insurance structure the destitute. Essential human services is the part of expert medicinal services benefited to the patients or upset from the start contact with the social insurance framework. Clinical consideration or Medicare is a protection area of social insurance for the matured, concentrating on the over the age of 65, that is subsidized and overseen by the government framework. Though clinical consideration is devoted to serving a given age, medicinal services is a wide segment (that additionally incorporates clinical consideration). The connection between Health care, and the underlying foundations of our social feelings; Cultural feelings, existing as moral and social qualities direct the setting inside which frameworks work. Common qualities like the extraordinary stewardship for protecting the holiness of life and the Hippocratic vow impact human services colossally. The relationship of human services and other society requests makes another arrangement of qualities I. e.availing customers their regard, top notch administration, arrangement and great incentive for cash while expending worker securely, decency and a delicate framework (to their predicament) they can be glad for. † Religion; basically otherworldliness includes all the more so in issues of medicinal services. Take the case of the Salvation Army development on the blood transfusion banter. Some different religions won't permit the joining of tissue from others other than the patient. Obliging medicinal services effort to the ideal of subject, as specialists and attendants will not perform clinical techniques because of their own convictions. Dr. Saha Somnath in the investigation of the â€Å"Relevance of Cultural Distance among Patients and Physicians to Racial Disparities in Health care† predicts that; â€Å"patients detailed better relationship when seeing doctors of their own ethnicity or race. † clarifies the social racial variations in human services. Official SUMMARY As routed to the medicinal services discussion, in May 1998 by Daniel Yankelovich† Americans have grasped a growing pluralism of gatherings, perspectives, perspectives, subcultures and qualities. † That as the world changes and more up to date frameworks are grasped its essential that our social qualities which simultaneously sway on the economy and profound (conviction) creatures be on an offset with the wellbeing strategy we seek after. References 1. Harold G. , A diverse Dialog On Healthcare Ethics, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999, USA. 2. Lee G. , A Cross Cultural Analysis of Values and Political Economy Issues. Greenwood/Praeger 1994, USA. 3. Susan H. , Religions, Culture and Healthcare: A down to earth handbook for use in Healthcare Enviroments, Radcliffe Publishing, 2006.

Summary Chapter 1 Johnson, Whittington Scholes Essays

Synopsis Chapter 1 Johnson, Whittington Scholes Essays Synopsis Chapter 1 Johnson, Whittington Scholes Essay Synopsis Chapter 1 Johnson, Whittington Scholes Essay Johnson, Scholes Whittington †Exploring Strategy, content and cases Chapter 1 †Introducing Strategy Defining procedure Strategy is about the key issues for the fate of associations, or as it were, the drawn out heading for an association. The depiction of technique in the book has two favorable circumstances: 1. It can incorporate conscious, legitimate system and gradual, developing examples of methodology; 2. It can lay the emphasis on contrasts and rivalry just as on perceiving the jobs of collaboration and impersonation. The long haul: As procedures are regularly estimated over years or even decennia, the significance of methodology is huge. This can be effectively clarified in the ‘Three Horizons Framework’. The Three Horizons Framework is a figure which focuses on an organization to excist out of three organizations or exercises, these are characterized by skylines. (figure 1) Horizon 1: Basically the present center exercises of an organization. Skyline 2: Where organizations are making additional opportunities to pick up benefit. Figure 1. The three skylines structure Horizon 3: Were an organization make practical choices, where nothing is certain. For instance, innovative work undertaking and start-up adventures. Can't foresee what is coming. In short it very well may be said that organizations should concentrate on the drawn out system rather than just on the transient issues. The key heading: Strategies follow consistently a sort of way or example. In this way, systems are set by long haul targets. The vast majority of the occasions, the destinations are set so as to expand greatest benefit for the partners. The association: Organizations include extraordinary, complex associations with investors. These are inner just as outer. * Management is a basic factor in setting up and executing a methodology. Levels of procedure There are three degrees of system 1. Corporate level methodology: Has to do with the general extent of the organization and how worth is added to the entire association. 2. Business level procedure: How an organization ought to contend in its particular market. Additionally called a serious procedure. 3. Operational procedures: is about how various units of an organization executes the business and corporate methodology as to the assets, procedures and individuals. Defintions Strategy articulation: is the outline of the methodology, ought to be short. Likewise it should comprise of parts, for example, objectives, degree, exercises and favorable circumstances. Degree: Consists of clients or customers; geological area; degree of inside exercises (vertical mix) Advantage: How the organization will accomplish the targets which are set for itself in the picked space. Crucial: would we like to be. Vision:How would we like to accomplish this. Objectives:What do we need to accomplish in the coming time frame. Parts of procedure: There are three fundamental braches: 1. System setting: Internal and outside setting of associations. Inquires about the business investigation, social analysi and the asset based view. 2. Technique content: Concerns substance of various procedures and their degree of progress. Examines the decisions and exhibitions of various procedures. 3. System process: concentrates how techniques are framed and actualized. Investigates the vital arranging, decisions and changes and methodology as-practice. * Studying technique includes various types of points of view, for example, mental, social and financial perspectives. The investigating system model: This model analyzes the comprehension of the key situation of an organization (the specific circumstance); evaluating the vital decisions for the future (the substance) and oversees methodology in real life (process). The key position: Worried about the effect of methodology of the outside condition, the company’s vital capacity, the objectives of the organization and the organizations culture. 1. The earth: is chiefly concentrating on circumstances and dangers which are accessible in the earth where the organization is working in. 2. Key capacity: is made up about an organizations assets, for example, machines. Its capabilities are for instance specialized and administrative aptitudes. 3. Vital reason: each organization has its own strategic, and targets. What they are for the most part concentrating on is the thing that an organization needs to accomplish later on. . Culture: Organizational societies may be significant for an organization, as it can impact the methodology. In this manner, it is essential to realize how a culture can shape technique. The key decisions: Examines the alternatives as far as heading (in which the procedure may move) and the strategies (which the technique may persue). 1. Busine ss procedure: additionally called serious methodology. How an organization looks to go up against different organizations. 2. Corporate technique broadening: the portfolio scope, or at the end of the day, which organizations ought to be remembered for this portfolio. Enhancement in for the most part about the scope of items and markets. 3. Worldwide procedure: type of separation and in which universal markets an organization could contend. testing. 4. Development business enterprise: so as to endure, an organization should be creative consistently. Enterprise, or any type of it, is in this manner likewise a sort of development. 5. Obtaining collusions: Mainly about broadening an organization and in what direction this ought to be actualized. By purchasing another organization, partner or to go it exclusively. The system in real life: How a system is shaped and applied. 1. Vital assessment: When vital choices have been set it is essential to check whether they are applicable. Subsequently, a few variables ought to be remembered, for example, reasonableness, worthiness and possibility. 2. Key improvement process: what sort of arranging procedure should an organization have. 3. Sorting out: When a system is set, association is crucial so as to actualize it. 4. Authority and key change: Managing includes administration and change. This is significant as we live in a unique world. 5. Key practice: Who does what in the key procedure. * Issues with respect to the investigating methodology model: Small organizations Multinational partnerships Public divisions and not-for-benefits organizations The system focal points Ways of taking a gander at key issues contrastingly so as to create numerous bits of knowledge. * Strategy as configuration: arranging and examining * Strategy as experience: Strategy affected by understanding of administrators * Strategy as variety:Initiatives, assorted variety and new alternatives * Strategy as talk: * The focal points supports the investigation of alternate points of view.

Deep Breaths

Deep Breaths Ive been reading a lot of the comments about the applications that are due on Jan. 1. And while what Ill say now is just my opinion: CHILLAX Definition (source bryan.mitblogs.com) chill ·ax: /t??læks/ : -verb to calm down; to release oneself from inhibition, worry, tension, etc. I agree that it is easier said than done, but Im in the same boat as you right now. Im about to submit the application to my top choice graduate school, and there are a million questions running through my head, but I got hit by a jolt of admissions reality just now. 1. The deadline means as much as Im afraid to press the submit button, in order to have my application read, I have to press it. 2. I dont own a time machine to go back in time and correct mistakes or retake tests. 3. A little bit of faith and optimism can go a long way. 4. Ive tried my hardest, and thats all I can ask for. Dont start the new year stressed out about applications. Put your best foot forward heading into 2007. I can try to respond to any logistical/last minute questions you may have, but Ill only be near my computer for a little while longer before I head out myself to treat myself to some sushi and then celebrate the arrival of 2007. Happy New Year and Good Luck!

Deep Breaths

Deep Breaths Ive been reading a lot of the comments about the applications that are due on Jan. 1. And while what Ill say now is just my opinion: CHILLAX Definition (source bryan.mitblogs.com) chill ·ax: /t??læks/ : -verb to calm down; to release oneself from inhibition, worry, tension, etc. I agree that it is easier said than done, but Im in the same boat as you right now. Im about to submit the application to my top choice graduate school, and there are a million questions running through my head, but I got hit by a jolt of admissions reality just now. 1. The deadline means as much as Im afraid to press the submit button, in order to have my application read, I have to press it. 2. I dont own a time machine to go back in time and correct mistakes or retake tests. 3. A little bit of faith and optimism can go a long way. 4. Ive tried my hardest, and thats all I can ask for. Dont start the new year stressed out about applications. Put your best foot forward heading into 2007. I can try to respond to any logistical/last minute questions you may have, but Ill only be near my computer for a little while longer before I head out myself to treat myself to some sushi and then celebrate the arrival of 2007. Happy New Year and Good Luck!

Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Bureaucracy Essay Population Essay Did you like this example? DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRARY ARE INCOMPATIBLE, DISCUSS USING ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The relationship between democracy and bureaucracy has generated much debate amongst scholars. Democracy is defined as a political system which supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials and the social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among political contenders for political office. Abraham Lincoln as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (1995) defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. Bureaucracy is defined by Schaefer (2003) as a component of formal organisation in which rules and hierarchal ranking are used to achieve efficiency. The focus of this discussion is to reflect to a greater extent the incompatibility that exist between democracy and bureaucracy Democracy emanated from western countries as a movement that clamoured for equality, f reedom of speech and expression. It came into being mainly after Second World War where many peoples rights were stripped off. Democracy came to restore individual dignity and popular participation. Decision making under the banner of democracy would mean that all involved parties should have informed consent on issues that directly affected them. Bureaucracy is a brain child of Weber who asserts that it’s an organised way of running an organisation. An organisation contains structures which should be followed in their order of importance. This means that, in decision making, relevant authorities should make decisions and in the event that they feel incapacitated to do that, they approach a higher office. There is chain of command and top down approach in communication which represents a hierarchy of authority. Haralambos and Holborn(1995), People in this hierarchy are paid and are full time officials who form a chain of command. A bureaucracy is concerned with business of administration with controlling, managing and coordinating a complex series of tasks. Bureaucracy represents oligarchy, rationality and separation of ownership from control. Democracy and bureaucracy coexist in society but their compatibility is questionable, they seem to be two conflicting views which exist in one society. The conflict perspective theorists are of the view that bureaucracy and democracy are much incompatible. Bureaucracy is inevitably a representative of the interest of the minority which is a direct opposition of democracy, which focus on majority rule and freedom of all. Bureaucracy state apparatus can be viewed as a specific creation of capitalist society with the roles of manipulating and turning the majority into proletariats. Lenin, as cited by Haralambos and Holborn (1995), clearly puts that western parliaments where â€Å"mere talking shops† while the real work of government was conducted behind closed doors by the state governing bureaucra cy therefore the state is an organ of class rule, an organ for the oppression of one class by another and hence cannot operate hand in glove with democracy. Hopes for truly democratic organisations in a communist society can be dismissed as mere illusions. According to Robert Michels 1876-1936 as cited in Haralambos and Holborn(1995), in his study of European socialist parties and trade unions, the organisations which had the aim to overthrow the capitalist state and create a socialist society based on democratic principles was not the resemblance of what actual happened. It was a mere duplication of the capitalist bureaucracy which is not very compatible with democracy. As supported by Jonson (1989) socialist states like the former Soviet Union, the state power was used to maintain wealth, power of government and military leaders at the expense of the wishes of the people, there was basic conflict between government and the people thereby compromising on democracy. Just like in the authoritarian capitalists government the state supports the interests of capitalists irregardless of having formal positions in government, all this suppress the will of the people. Therefore, bureaucracy is not compatible with democracy in such governments where the wishes of the people do not take paramount importance. It can be argued that organisation or bureaucracy is death knell of democracy and hence not compatible. Moreso, direct participation by large number of people in the running of an organisation is in practice impossible. Apart from the practical difficulties of assembling thousands of people, direct involvement in decision making will be more cumbersome and time consuming that nothing will get done. Since direct democracy is impractical, it can only be replaced by a form of some representative system, whereby delegates represent the mass and carry out its will. Hurd et al (1991) laments that these political elected leaders want to amass wealth at the exp ense of the people, just because of their positions. Leaders at the highest authority of the bureaucracy can appoint other leaders on basis of ethnic background, nepotism and favour hence the wishes of the people wont be respected because the leaders would be representing their own selfish needs. As a result, bureaucracy can not be compatible with democracy if the wishes of the majority are ignored. The only thing they will do is to come back with feedback and alerting the mass on their course of action in the future. For example the president went to represent Zimbabwe to the UN summit recently and told the Zimbabwe’s story without prior consultation with the people because of the hindrance caused by bureaucracy. The effective operation of the organisation requires a specialised division of labour that necessitates control and coordination from the top. The result is rigorously defined and hierarchical bureaucracy. Haralambos and Holborn (1995), postulate that the organis ation grows and administrative duties proliferate that it is no longer possible to take them at a glance. They become increasingly incomprehensible to those without special knowledge and training. Faced with this complexity, members of trade unions and political parties leave matters to their political leaders. Decisions are taken by the executive committees within the bureaucracy rather than by assemblies of the rank and the file. Thus, the very organisation which was created to represent its members, end up by largely excluding them from participation and decision making. Organisations therefore inevitably produce oligarchy which rule by a small group or elite, popularly known as the iron law of oligarchy. To sum up on oligarchy, Michels postulates that the oligarchic structure of the building suffocates basic democratic principle. Hence democracy and bureaucracy is not compatible because of these misgivings between the two. Communication in bureaucracy is basically top down commanding orders and giving institutions to employees or people without prior consultation. There is over dependence on the orders and direction for superiors while crushing the initiative of the subordinates. Macionis (1995) argues that individuality is suppressed as bureaucratic slavishly follow official procedures and regulations with advancement dependent on the judgement of higher authority. Subordinates bore and scrap to their superiors while adopting an arrogance stance to those beneath them in the hierarchy. Bureaucracy therefore, is sworn enemy of individual liberty and all bold initiative in matter of internal policy. It is petty, narrow, rigid and illiberal hence reflects the direct opposite of democracy and thereby it’s not compatible. There is a tendency to displace organisational goals by the leadership in bureaucracy. The leadership is established at the top of the bureaucratic pyramid and its primary concern is the maintenance of its own power. Leaders wish to retain the privilege and status which their positions bring, a concern which take priority over the started goals of the organisations. Schaefer (1995) adds that the organisation will become increasingly conservative as leaders refrain from taking any action that might endanger their position thereby compromising democracy in the process. Leaders learn skills like the art of controlling meetings, of applying and interpreting rules, of proposing motions at opportune moments, their control over the publications of the party for instance enables them to put across their own view point. Moreso in bureaucracy, leaders have considerable say in the appointment of officials in the organisation and can therefore select those who support their policies thus leaders see their own interests and the maintenance of the organisation as indistinguishable. Organisation was essential to democracy, however as a matter of technical and practical necessity organisations adopt a bureaucrat ic structure and it produced oligarchy control which brings to an end or death of democracy. However to a very lesser extent compatibility between democracy and bureaucracy do exist. Haralambos and Holborn (1993) assert that democracy is inconceivable without organisations. In a modern complex society the only way individuals can effectively communicate their wishes and press their nterests is by joining together and forming an organisation. This is particularly true of the relatively powerless working class masses for whom combination and cooperation is necessary and in Zimbabwe we have the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) which is rooted on democratic foundations is now a full blown democratic bureaucratic political party. The inevitability on the compatibility of democracy and bureaucracy can be explained on psychological perspective on the natural need of the masses to be led. Macionis (1989) argues that democracy is a system in which power is exercised by the people as w hole, of which it does not mean that every member of society participates directly in decisions that directly affect them. This would only be possible in a very small political entity, hence representative democratic systems places governance in the hands of elected leaders. This is accompanying of veneration of activities where the masses clamoured to have a leader. In the light of democracy this will be viewed as the wish of the majority to be lead and hence can be respected. At the end of the day the leader will put in place a structure that resembles bureaucracy but all is done in the name of democracy. Therefore it can be argued that there is no bureaucracy without democracy and no democracy and bureaucracy without democracy. In other instances like in modern democracies people show their wishes through casting their vote in a free and fair electoral environment and if everyone including the observers view it as free and fair it becomes democratic because the wishes of the p eople will have been respected. The people would have given legal authority to the person and the voted government to rule over them hence it will be democratic, in this case democracy and burecracy becomes very compatible. Conclusively democracy and bureaucracy seem to be enemies which coexist in one society or in one organisation. In most case the two different aspects are not compatible as discussed but in other instances their coexistence is accepted as democratic and the only way forward in modern governments which involve managing larger populations which cannot be brought together at once and who have very diverse social economic views. If the majority agree then it’s viewed as democracy. The various interpretations of democracy lead to this debate on this compatibility. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (1995), Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. 4th edition. Harper Collins Publishers. London. 2. Hurd g et al (1991) Human Societies. An introduction to Sociology, Routledge and Kegan Paul . New York. 3. Jonson A, G (1981) Human Arrangements. An introduction to Sociology, Harcourt Braces Jovanovich. New York. 4. Macionis, J. J (1989) Sociology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 5. Schaefer, R. T (2003) Sociology, McGraw Hill, New York. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible" essay for you Create order

Mothers Day Haha no Hi

May 10th is Mothers Day (Haha no hi). Although Happy ~ can be translated as ~ omedetou, there is no Japanese equivalent of Happy Mothers Day. Sending a Mothers Day card is not too common in Japan, but giving flowers (especially carnations) is a popular thing to do. I am very close with my mom. She is very open-minded and has been very supportive of whatever I have done. Since hugging parents (except by children) is not a common practice in Japan, I sometime wonder if words are enough to show love. Besides, I feel a little embarrassed to express my feelings in front of her, but I always appreciate her open-mindedness. Japanese Translation æ ¯ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥ ä ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆå  Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨â€¹ ±Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Happy ~㠁 ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£  ¨Ã¨ ¨ ³Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šÅ'る㠁“㠁 ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  §Happy Mothers Day㠁 «Ã¥â‚¬ ¤Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¨â€˜â€°Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  «Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'‰ã‚’è ´Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ Ã¨ ¡Å'ã‚ Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£ Å'〠Ã¨Å  ±Ã§â€° ¹Ã£  «Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' §Ã£Æ' ³Ã£ Å'æ ¯ Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ®Ã¨Å  ±Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ´Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨Ë† ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ§ § Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯ Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¤ » ²Ã£ Å'㠁„㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ ¯ Ã£  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥  Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ Å'㠁 ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ § Ã£ Å'㠁™ã‚⠀¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ§ â€ Ã¨ § £Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ ¤ ºÃ£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚è ¦ ªÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å  ±Ã£  Ã£ â€"ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¤â€"æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ§ ¿â€™Ã¦â€¦ £Ã£  ªÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£â‚¬ Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¨â€˜â€°Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  §Ã¥  Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã£  «Ã¦â€žâ€ºÃ¦Æ'…㠁 ¯Ã¤ ¼ Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£  ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£  ®Ã£ â€ Ã£ Ë†Ã§ § Ã£  ¯Ã©  ¢Ã£  ¨Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¨ ¬ Ã£  ®Ã¦ °â€"æÅ' Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¡ ¨Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ °â€˜Ã£ â€"ç… §Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦â€žÅ¸Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã¦ ¯ Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¯â€ºÃ¥ ¤ §Ã£ â€¢Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ â€ Ã¨ § £Ã¥Å â€ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ Å'㠁Ÿã  Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ Å Ã¦ ¯ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ  Ã£ Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š Romaji Translation Go-gatsu tooka wa haha no hi desu. Eigo no Happy~ wa, ~omedetou to yakusareru koto mo arimasu ga, nihongo de Happy Mothers Day ni ataisuru kotoba wa arimasen. Nihon dewa haha no hi ni kaado o okuru koto wa amari okonawaremasen ga, hana (toku ni kaaneeshon ga haha no hi no hana to sareteimasu) o okuru koto wa ippanteki desu. Watashi wa haha to totemo naka ga ii desu. Haha wa donna koto nimo henken ga naku, watashi ga suru koto niwa itsudemo rikai o shimeshite kuremashita. Oya o dakishimeru koto wa (kodomo igai) nihon niwa nai shuukan nanode, kotoba dake de juubun ni aijou wa tsutawaru no kana to omou koto mo arimasu. Sonoue watashi wa men to mukatte kansha no kimochi o arawasu koto ni, sukoshi terekusasa mo kanjiru no desu ga, haha no kandaisa, rikairyoku o totemo arigataku omotte imasu. Okaasan, itsumo arigatou! Note: The translation is not always literal. Beginners Phrases I am very close with my mom. Watashi wa haha to totemo naka ga ii desu.ã‚ Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€"㠁 ¯ 㠁 ¯Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¨ 㠁 ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€š 㠁 ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å' 㠁„㠁„ 㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ§ § Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯ Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¤ » ²Ã£ Å'㠁„㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

Miranda is the Only Woman in William Shakespeare’s Play,...

In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, there has been much debate on whether Miranda, the only female in the play, is a fully formed character or merely an object being used by the men of the play. William Shakespeare wrote in a time where men were considered the dominant sex and women were only used for reproduction and maternal purposes. In the Tempest men like Prospero and Antonio are shown in a position of power and strength, while Miranda is associated with frailty and innocence. This allows the men to use Miranda for their own selfish purposes. However Miranda is unaware of this and acts independently and doesn’t always abide to what the men of the play force her to do. Miranda’s actions throughout the Tempest portray her as a fully formed character but as she is the only other female character in the play, the men view her as an object which can be used to suit their needs. Miranda’s actions are her own in the Tempest as we see in Act 1 Scene ii - th e first time we are introduced to Miranda - where Miranda begs her father, Prospero not to harm any of the survivors from the Tempest. She talks with sympathy in her voice: â€Å"O, I have suffer’d/ with those that I saw suffer! A brave vessel/ who had, no doubt, some noble creature in her/ dash’d all to pieces† (1, 2, 5 – 6). Miranda is brave enough to stand up to her father knowing that he has the power to harm the sailors. She shows empathy and care not only for the sailors who she has never met before but for the ship

The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the S Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the S Essay crew Turn ScrewThe Importance of Chapter Six in The Turn of the Screw Chapter Six is an important section of The Turn of the Screw, as it involves many of the themes of the story, as well as reflecting its general narrative structure. James novel is phenomenally complex; it has an incredible ambiguity to it, which allows for some very outlandish and far-fetched ideas to be formulated. A theme can almost be drawn from almost every other sentence, if one so desires. It is deciding which issues have a little more to them than there may seem at first and which are what they appear, nothing more, which is difficult. As with many books of its ilk, over-analysing is a serious essay writing hazard. To take things one aspect at a time, and to begin with the narrative structure. Whilst not exactly a ?key issue of the story, the narrative structure can often inYuence how those issues are revealed and detailed to readers, so still holds some relevance to the essay title. Chapter Six overall structure is very similar to that of the story as a whole. It begins quietly, after the climax at the end of the previous chapter (as with the main part of The Turn of the Screw after the prologue, which creates a great deal of anticipation) and begins to increase in tension slowly throughout, with a slight lull in the middle, where the narrative becomes very reYective and introspective, with the Governess writing her thoughts seemingly as they enter her head, creating a somewhat rambling, dense prose. Finally, when readers are least expecting it, the plot suddenly leaps into view once again, creating an exciting znale (Then I again shifted my eyes I faced what I had to face. ) which leaves many plot threads open to interpretation (as with the znal words of the znal chapter, ?and his little heart, dispossessed, had stopped.) Chapter Six is something of a microcosm of the rest of the story, at least in terms of the narrative structure. More important, however, is how the key issues of the story are represented in this chapter. These issues come in two distinct categories. The zrst involve the various themes of the story, involving the characters, the plot and reality itself. The second type consists of the various techniques James uses in the Governess language to depict her character and set the tone for the book. Taking the latter zrst; the Governess language is very distinctive. It is very verbose and detailed, examining events and people very closely, using as many words as possible to describe even the simplest of things. For example, towards the end of Chapter Six she is trying to think of rational alternatives for the presence of Miss Jessel on the opposite side of the lake. When she fails, she writes Nothing was more natural than that these things should be the other things they absolutely were not. This style of writing is extremely difficult to understand in places, making the book heavy reading in places, and creating a somewhat monotonous and depressing atmosphere at times. This may be due to James own writing style, or a deliberate attempt to dezne the Governess own writing traits; it is difficult to tell. Either way, it creates a very dark feel for the story. As for the themes, there are probably almost an inznite number of interpretations that could be theorised from the text. Readers have to determine how much they are willing to accept. There are some themes which are not explored in this particular chapter; nevertheless, there are still a surprising number of them squeezed into a mere seven pages. .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .postImageUrl , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:visited , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:active { border:0!important; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:active , .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982 .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee00144bc119d67183063cec21a8c982:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Diversity Essay One recurring theme is evident in the conversation between Mrs. Grose and the Governess. The two characters have a tendency to complete each others sentences, to speak almost as if they are of one mind. Two incidences here are particularly noticeable: ?It does strike me that my pupils have never mentioned -! She looked at me hard as I musingly pulled up. ?His having been here and the time they

Marketing Quiz Essay Example

Marketing Quiz Essay University of the Southern Caribbean School of Business Principles of Marketing Take Home Assignment on Chapter 13-16 Name: __________________________________ ID_______________________ DATE__________ We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. Section  1. In the 1970s, Shipshewana was only a small town with a hardware store, a grain mill, a shoe store, a small restaurant, and a grocery store. Over the next two decades, the small town transformed into an international tourist attraction, attracting thousands of tourists who are intrigued with the lifestyle of Shipshewanas largest population the Amish. Ben and Mary Miller, having grown up within the Amish faith, decided to capitalize on their towns popularity and their woodworking skills. Their shop, Indiana Wood, began with a small display of handmade hickory rocking chairs, Ben Millers specialty. But within a few months, the display at Indiana Wood included picnic tables, flower boxes, and small handmade novelty items. No other shop offers the same. Mary Miller decorated the shops display room with authentic Amish decor and eventually hired three Amish friends to sew and embroider napkins and other textiles per customer request. In addition, two women from the Amish community sought permission from the Millers to display home-baked pastries and jellies on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, the towns busiest tourist days, when Shipshewana attracts swarms of visitors to its flea market on the south edge of town. Shipshewana is full of specialty shops, Mary Miller stated. People dont come here to buy things made in China or Taiwan. They want real, Amish-made goods. 1. Indiana Wood is best classified as a(n) ________ retailer. A) full-service B) self-service C) limited-service D) discount E) off-price 2. Which of the following is most critical to Indiana Woods success? A) place B) price C) differentiation D) store atmosphere E) services mix 3. The Amish decor and shop workers give customers an authentic impression of the pride and skill built into the shops products. These aspects also contribute to the stores ________. A) product assortment B) services mix C) atmosphere D) segmentations E) targeting 4. Which of the following would be the most logical way for Indiana Wood to expand? A) establishing an online presence B) pursuing retail convergence C) implementing RFID inventory tracking D) establishing a community-gathering environment in the store E) joining a producers cooperative Refer to the scenario below to answer the following questions. John Mayes opened Sparkle Janitorial in 1999. John began by acquiring two contracts for office cleaning services from two local manufacturing facilities. For two years, John and his wife, Barb, performed the cleaning services alone. After acquiring three additional cleaning contracts in 2001, John hired two employees. Up to that point, we had room to grow but we really had no advertising plan, John stated. We were relying mostly on word-of-mouth. By 2003, Barb hired another two full-time employees to begin Sparkles new endeavor: carpet cleaning in homes and offices. Competition was getting tough for both of our services at that point, Barb added. We ran a local radio spot three times each week. Then we had an advertiser print coupons on placemats. That gave us a little more exposure. John and Barb Mayes admit that they never realized the value of a sound promotional plan before now. We wish we would have put together so mething catchy with a jingle way before now, they said. 5. Which of the following would be the LEAST effective way for John and Barb to reach new potential customers? A) word-of-mouth influence B) buzz marketing C) public relations D) network television advertising E) direct marketing 6. In a recent radio spot, John and Barb gave a quick explanation of Sparkles cleaning process and a description of the value consumers receive for their money. This is an example of a(n) ________. A) emotional appeal B) standard appeal C) rational appeal D) moral appeal E) social appeal Most of the clientele at Second Avenue have learned about the store through word-of-mouth communication. This small retailer of quality second-hand childrens clothing thrives on the sale of a vast inventory of childrens clothing placed there on consignment. Because small children grow so quickly, Second Avenues owner commented, they often outgrow many of their clothes before theyve hardly been worn! Second Avenue provides a way for people to sell their childrens clothing, earn a few dollars, and buy the next larger size. Were extremely picky about the condition of the clothing we stock, the owner stated, but we sell most items at a 60 percent discount. 7. Which of the following media options would MOST benefit Second Avenues promotional efforts given the stores limited budget? A) periodic advertising in a local newspaper B) daily advertisements on a local radio station C) weekly commercials during the local evening news D) a billboard placed on the interstate E) a link on the citys Chamber of Commerce Web site 8. Second Avenue wants to create a postcard to be sent to local families with young children. The postcard will include information about the stores typical inventory, store hours, and directions. Which of the following format elements can make the biggest difference in the success or failure of the direct mailing? A) copy B) headline C) illustration D) font E) color 9. The owner of Second Avenue wants to establish a community clothing drive to collect clothes for a local childrens shelter. The owner will set up collection barrels outside Second Avenue. Which of the following public relations tools is the owner using? A) press relations B) product publicity C) lobbying D) development E) public affairs 10. At Finleys Fine Goods, members of the sales force and marketing epartment tend to have disagreements when things go wrong with a customer. The marketers blame the salespeople for poorly executing their strategies, while the salespeople blame the marketers for being out of touch with the customer. Which of the following steps should upper-level management at Finleys Fine Goods take to help bring the sales and marketing functions closer together? A) establish a customer sales force structure B) establish a complex sales force structure C) appoint a new sales force manager D) adopt a sales force automation system E) appoint a chief revenue officer 11. Ultra-Tech, Inc. as decided to switch to a customer sales force structure. Which of the following advantages is the company now LEAST likely to enjoy? A) The company can become more customer-focused. B) The company can better serve different industries. C) The company can build closer relationships with important customers. D) The company can better serve current customers and find new customers. E) The company can expect salespeople to develop in-depth knowledge of numerous and complex product lines. 12. Johnson Business Solutions, Inc. , maintains one sales force for its copy machines and a separate sales force for its computer systems. Johnson Business Solutions utilizes a ________ structure. A) product sales force B) customer sales force C) territorial sales force D) a combination of B and C E) complex sales force 13. Morrill Motors splits the United States into 10 sales regions. Within each of those regions, the company maintains two sales teams? one for existing customers and one for prospects. What type of sales force structure does Morrill Motors use? A) territorial B) product C) customer D) complex E) workload 14. An IBM sales representative is giving a product demonstration to a Best Buy representative. Assisting with the demonstration are an engineer, a financial analyst, and an information systems specialist. If IBM wins the Best Buy account, then all four IBM representatives will service the Best Buy account. This is an example of ________. A) team selling B) territorial selling C) inside selling D) prospecting E) sales promoting 15. Sales have been slow recently at B B Materials, so management has organized a training program to improve the performance of its sales force. Which of the following would most likely lead to improved sales for B B Materials? A) tests to measure the analytic and organizational skills of the sales force B) information about the marketing strategies used by competitors C) tests to identify the personality traits of sales force members D) a time-and-duty analysis for each salesperson E) instructions on completing expense reports 16. The CEO of Comfy Carpet, Rick Hadley, was skeptical about Web-based training until his sales manager explained that online training is ________. A) time consuming and difficult to use B) used by all small companies C) dynamic and interactive D) cost competitive and efficient E) useful to customers 17. At Deck Decor, a manufacturer of outdoor furniture and accessories, the marketing and sales force objectives are to grow relationships with existing customers and to acquire new business. Which of the following compensation plans should management establish to encourage the sales force to pursue both of these objectives? A) straight salary B) straight commission C) salary plus bonus for new accounts D) commission plus bonus for new accounts E) salary plus commission plus bonus for new accounts 18. Mary Conti is sales manager for National Computer Training. She wants to evaluate the performance of her sales force that is responsible for the New England territory. Mary will most likely review all of the following in her evaluation EXCEPT ________. A) call plans B) sales reports C) call reports D) expense reports E) territorial sales and profit reports 19. The sales force of Conway Pools has qualified a number of leads. Which of the following will most likely occur next? A) The outside sales force will call on all prospects. B) The outside sales force will close the deal with one of the prospects. C) The outside sales force will learn as much as possible about the prospects. D) The inside sales force will attend meetings with qualified prospects. E) The inside sales force will put together a presentation for the prospects. Section 2 1. The wheel-of-retailing concept deals mainly with wholesalers rolling out reduced service levels. 2. The life cycle of new retail forms is getting longer. 3. Unlike mass marketers, niche marketers expect to see continued growth in their online sales. 4. Retail convergence means greater competition for retailers and greater difficulty in differentiating offerings. 5. The number of retailers creating communities for their customers is declining. 6. Like retailers, a wholesaler must decide on segmentation and targeting, differentiation and positioning, and the marketing mix. 7. In an automated warehouse, orders are fed directly from the retailers information system to the wholesalers, and the items are picked up by mechanical devices and taken to a shipping platform 8. The distinction between large retailers and large wholesalers is becoming blurred. 9. Mass marketers can expect consumers to distinguish between commercial message sources to maintain a clear image of a company and its brands. 10. The integrated marketing concept ties together all of the companys messages and images. 11. Integrated marketing communications allows brand messages to be developed by different departments within an organization. 12. A marketing communications director has overall responsibility for the companys communications efforts. 13. The communications process should start with mass media advertising to reach many consumers. 14. The four major communication functions are encoding, decoding, response, and noise. 15. Encoding is the process by which the receiver assigns meaning to symbols. 16. Decoding is the process of putting thought into symbolic form. 17. Awareness, knowledge, and preparation are buyer-readiness stages. 18. Teaser advertising is most closely associated with the buyer-readiness stage of liking a product. 19. There are three types of appeal from which marketers may choose as they design their message content. These types are rational, emotional, and moral appeals. 20. The Stop. Think. Tylenol. ad is an example of a moral appeal. 21. Although television advertising is expensive for corporations, the cost per exposure is relatively low. 22. Direct mail is one of the least expensive media on a per exposure basis. 23. The communication effects of advertisements and ad campaigns are more difficult to measure than the sales and profit effects. 24. In small and large companies, advertising is typically handled by an individual or team in the sales department. 25. Todays advertising agencies are staffed with specialists who can often perform advertising tasks better than a producer or retailers own employees can. 26. Recently, the increased use of online social networks and video sharing has reduced the need for advertising standardization for global brands. 27. Since China has lifted many of its international trade restrictions, corporations such as McDonalds and Coca- Cola now have only limited censorship rules governing their TV and radio advertising. 28. In an attempt to change the perception that milk was unhealthy, the National Fluid Milk Processors Education Program established an advertising campaign featuring celebrities with milk mustaches and the tag line Got Milk? 29. A company typically spends comparable budgets on public relations and advertising. 30. A companys Web site can be an important public relations vehicle. 31. What types of products may be sold through category killers? 32. What types of products do specialty stores carry? Give an example of a specialty store. 34. Describe the differences between chain stores and franchises. 35. Describe public relations and three of its main functions. 36. Identify four of the major media types and identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of each type. 37. Why do many companies invest in ongoing training for their salespeople? 38. Compare the four types of compensation plans available to salespeople. 39. Name and define the four major communication functions. 40. Explain how advertising may change as a product moves from the introductory stage to the growth stage of the product life cycle.

List College (Jewish Theological Seminary) Admissions

List College (Jewish Theological Seminary) Admissions List College Admissions Overview: With an acceptance rate of 52%, List College (a part of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America) is a somewhat selective school. Students interested in List can apply using the Common Application, which can be submitted online. Other required materials include a personal essay, scores from the SAT or ACT, letters of recommendation, and high school transcripts. For complete application instructions and important deadlines, be sure to visit the schools website. Students are encouraged to visit the campus; contact the admissions office for more information about getting a tour and seeing if List College would be a good fit. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): List College Acceptance Rate: 57%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 650 / 725SAT Math: 640 / 690SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 28  / 32ACT English: 29  / 33ACT Math: 30 / 33ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean List College Description: The Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies (List College) is the undergraduate school of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America located in New York City. It is closely affiliated with  Columbia University, and almost all List College students are enrolled in a dual-degree program with either Columbia or  Barnard College. The college has a 4 to 1 student faculty ratio and offers 11 bachelor of arts degree programs within the field of Jewish studies, such as ancient Judaism, Jewish history and Jewish gender and women’s studies, with the option to construct an individual interdisciplinary major. Most students choose to pursue a second bachelor of arts or a bachelor of science degree at Columbia or Barnard. Outside of academics, students are active on and off campus, participating in a variety of social, leadership and service activities at List as well as over 500 student clubs and organizations offered by Columbia and Barnard. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 371 (157 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female100% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $52,660Books: $500 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,460Other Expenses: $4,500Total Cost: $72,120 List College Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 54%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 51%Loans: 28%Average Amount of AidGrants: $26,471Loans: $6,523 Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 97%Transfer-out Rate: 16%4-Year Graduation Rate: 66%6-Year Graduation Rate: 79% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like List College, You May Also Like These Schools: American Jewish University: Profile  New York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrandeis University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBarnard College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBinghamton University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJohns Hopkins University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOberlin College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCornell University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph List and the Common Application List College uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples

Commodity chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Commodity chains - Essay Example Production and demand of shoes by consumers are the two main elements focused by companies in the industry. The production factors that include land, capital and labor influence the manufacturing of these commodities. Before globalization, many companies were unable to take advantage of cheaper investment and labor costs in other countries. Luckily, it has now become a norm for shoe companies to invest in other countries due to trade agreements and economic integration. The materials utilized in making of shoes poses a threat to the environment as production is characterized by use of energy, chemical, greenhouse gas discharge, water and solid waste. In the past ten years, however, the company has strived at utilizing environmental friendly alternatives to various resources that are incorporated in the production of shoes, such as cotton, leather, polyester and rubber. This has significantly reduced environmental implications of the materials (Michie 268). The production of footwear is handled by contract factories situated in various countries notably in Asia due to the available raw materials and low production cost. The production of shoes is conducted in two stages as the primary level involves the extraction of raw materials vital in the production process. A pair of shoes incorporates various materials including rubber, leather, plastics, adhesives and conventional cotton. In the production process, some of the raw materials come from close proximity with the firm or from other countries. This is because the raw materials including cotton and rubber are often imported from counties oversees. Leather is a product of farm animals, as rawhide is purchased by companies from farmers and is eventually transformed into leather that is vital in the production of shoes (Michie 268). Many companies own facilities in Indonesia, Thailand and Netherlands where the production of leather is

Multi-user database Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multi-user database - Essay Example In addition, the concurrency control is significant for the reason that the concurrent execution of multi-user database transactions those are performed in a collective database arrangement can provide basis for some of the reliability and integrity issues. In this regard, for the proper establishment of the concurrency control the method of the locking is used that involves the assurance regarding private utilization of a data item to a database operation. Normally, let if database transaction A1 holds a lock on a database data item, after that another operation A2 does not have right to use that data item (WordPress, 2010), (Wikia, 201) and (Hoffer, Prescott, & McFadden, 2007). In case of the transaction management we need to ensure that multi-user database transactions or operations are clear, means that every transaction should have preserved database integrity all through multiple users’s operations trying to access the databases. In addition, transactions have to be as w ell divided into subordinate-transactions; since every subordinate-transaction can affect the single database system.

Ageism Employment Discrimination

Ageism Employment Discrimination AGEISM AND EMPLOYMENT Social and economic controversies surrounding age discrimination by employers in the workplace is becoming a major social problem. For baby boomers reaching age 55 and over, research implies significant generational issues in terms of attitudes of the employer and society in general (Palamore, Branch, Harris, 2005). Previous studies demonstrate that age discrimination is stereotypical among hiring managers in the workplace and is a leading social problem for the aging population (Gringart, Helmes, Speelman, 2005). According to (Marshall, 2007) ageism in the workplace relates to the employer’s impression and evaluation of capabilities. Judgmental attitudes based upon a person’s aging appearance, as opposed to their potential, is covert discrimination. Waller (2006) presents an interesting perspective of inequity and ageism the harassment by employers to persons over 55. Waller implies that employers face the same liabilities and legal consequences as that of discrimina tion by â€Å"race, sex, disability, sexual orientation, religion, or beliefs† (Waller, 2006 p. 33). Ageism as a psychosocial problem is detrimental to the emotional and mental well being of the persons experiencing discrimination in the workplace (Marshall, 2007). The population over the age of 50 faces significant vulnerability in the workplace where skilled workers are at a greater risk of termination than the unskilled younger worker (Roscigno et al., 2007). Ageism affects those approaching retirement age, persons 50 and over, who are not physically or mentally prepared for retirement. This premature event is demoralizing to persons who spent a lifetime committed to their no-longer-needed professional experience. It appears that policy makers lack consideration for the over 50-population and allow loopholes for the employers by unclear discrimination laws and regulations. MacGregor (2006) summarizes another factor of ageism in the workplace, the initiation, and enforcement of early retirement by offering incentives. If initiatives do not elicit early retirement, demoted status frequently leaves the persons with no alternative other than forced early retirement. Economic, social, financial, and stereotypical attitudes toward the aging workforce needs reevaluation by corporate America as the labor force of the aging population will soon exceed the younger labor force (Goldberg, 2000). The hypothesis of this study describes the profound affects of discrimination and displacement of person over 55 years of age in the workplace. Evidence finds that attitudes of ageism are a widespread dilemma, which is increasing the vulnerability of future generations in the workplace environment (Goldberg, 2000). The number of baby boomers reaching retirement age in the near future may change the attitudes about the graying workforce from a social and economic perspective (Wan, Sengupta, Velkoff, DeBArros, 2005). This study addresses unemployment and ageism issues of baby boomers in the state of New Hampshire, which compromises 30 percent of its population (Angiropolis, 2008). Hypotheses Review of current and past research provides empirical evidence, in conjunction with statistical trends presented by the New Hampshire Employment Security and Department of Labor (Angiropolis, 2008). This experimental study hopes to validate the presence of age discrimination, eliminating gender characteristics and hiring inequity, in New Hampshire. According to previous studies, age definitely played a role in hiring determination. Globalization of age discrimination affects society from a generational and economic viewpoint. Since the dilemma of increasing aging baby boomers area, a major economic portion of the workforce appears through previous literature as an ongoing social problem. Literature is a vital feature of this research study for the validation and emphasis of ageism as a growing social problem in the workplace. Therefore, a research survey identifying and validating the seriousness of ageism in the workplace, including New Hampshire is the hypotheses of this study. Review of Literature and Theories Rix, (2005) reports that â€Å"nearly 1.7 million workers aged 55 and older were displaced from their jobs between January 2001 and December 2003† (p. 4). Re-employment for many exceeds a period of 4-5 months. For example, the Employment Security Commission in Manchester, New Hampshire confirms the average unemployment compensation is between 20-26 weeks and unemployment benefits do not exceed a 26-week period (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008). Ageism, reorganization, and lay-offs all displace employees. Often persons are over qualified, yet ageism appears to discourage hiring managers, although employers carefully avoid the topic of age due to discrimination laws and fears of lawsuits. Experienced workers in New Hampshire, include persons with academic degrees, years of vocational training, and life skills (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008). In the past few years, statistics show an increase for persons over age 55 receiving unemploy ment in New Hampshire (Angiropolis, 2008). Ageism in the workplace is a global problem—one that exists in countries and states other than New Hampshire. Mandatory retirement, abolished in the United States in 1996 as part of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA, 1996), is not part of employment policy for Canadians. They still struggle with legislation to end age discrimination of persons from age 60-65. MacGregor (2005/2006) reports mandatory retirement is an ongoing political and social problem for the aging Canadian population. Additional empirical studies of the Australian aging population suggest inequity and stereotypical attitudes of hiring older adults (MacGregor 2005/2006). From a global perspective, this does not appear to be a consideration for hiring managers—ageism seems to take precedence over knowledge in the hiring decision. Gringart et al. (2005, as cited by Bittman, Flick, Rice, 2001) refer to a study that sampled â€Å"1007 hiring decision- makers† (Gringart et al., p. 88) and found most hiring managers preferred younger employees. Managers preferred training younger employees as opposed to older employees since stereotypically younger persons are purportedly more capable of learning. A similar study conducted in the United States indicated similar results of stereotypical attitudes towards ageism by hiring managers (Bendick, Jackson, Wall, 1999, as cited by Gringart et al., 2005). Recent research focuses on interaction, stereotypical aspects, and corporate expenditures influencing age discrimination in the workplace (Rosecigno, Mong, Byron, Tester, 2007). Considering previous research findings the existence of ageism and discrimination, is it plausible that societal views about aging are generational in nature, and in turn, influence attitudes of employers? Are the growing cultural differences likely to affect future generations if attitudes do not change? Vincent (2005) summarizes generational society as being a culture that is no longer specific to the younger generations; it includes persons transitioning from work to retirement. Where the over-55 population is forced into early retirement by employers, it appears from a social, political, and legal viewpoint to validate and reinforce stereotypical attitudes about this population. These behaviors present a growing problem and require reevaluation if indeed this is an increasing social problem.   For pers ons aged 55 and older forced into early retirement, discouragement and emotional issues generally escalate healthcare costs due to lack of income potential and isolation from mainstream society. In addition, Gringart et al. (2005) suggests early or forced retirement is a significant loss to the younger generation since the older, more experienced, and knowledgeable employee is no longer present to share the wisdom of experience and influence. What example is society teaching the younger generation about biases prejudices of the older population, and their future in the workplace? The astronomical numbers of over 55 workers forced to retire in 1999, â€Å"5.4 million† (Palamore et al., 2005, p. 82), indicates ageism is a growing issue in our society. Such loss of resources affects the economy and society in general and presents a negative view of aging. Every citizen needs to be concerned on the topic of ageism and discrimination in the workplace since future predictions imply the number of baby boomers reaching full retirement age will double within the next decade (Nelson 2005). The population will shift to a â€Å"Graying America† (Nelson, 2005, p. 218). Undo ubtedly, this shift will dramatically influence all aspects of society, including the aging population in New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Employment Security and Department of Labor reports the aging population of unemployed workers is continually increasing (Angiropolis, 2008). In 2004, the Department of Labor in New Hampshire reported a total of 6,901 displaced workers 3,450 males, and 2,641 females. Totaling 18 percent unemployed between the ages of 45-54 and 14 percent between the ages of 55-64 total claims for both groups totaled 4,426 unemployed persons that filed claims, the total for that year 28,000 claims. Current data of unemployment claims indicate a continuum of increase in 2006 reported claims of 6,592, in 2007, 7,536 claims reported. In addition, to the overall increase from 27,612 in 2006 to 35,609 in 2007 an increase of 7,609 between 2004 and 2007 (Angiropolis, 2008). Data of age groups for 2007, yet published, the significance of percentages of unemployed between ages 45-64 in past years indicates 32% of citizens in New Hampshire (Angiropolis, 2008). Previous data-reflecting ageism i n of displaced workers in New Hampshire requires further research in order to determine if there is a relationship between qualities and characteristics of hiring managers to either eliminate or reinforce ageism discrimination. Methods Participants A research study is questionnaires in the form of a survey of 400 random businesses in New Hampshire area to measure the characteristics and capabilities of potential employees. The qualifying participants must be owners, and or hiring managers. Materials and Procedure The research experiment is a self-designed survey to be conducted by telephone to participants. Utilizing the method of a Likert scale the survey seeks to ask hiring manager to list the most significant qualities when deciding to hire persons in their organization or company. This survey asks the participants to rank in order of their comfort level in job applicant capacity; the survey hopes to indicate stereotypical preferences of hiring employees by decision-makers (see Appendix 1). Participating hiring managers will be told the survey is voluntary in nature. If they chose to respond to this study of various decision-making attributes of hiring personal. Participants will also be told of the purpose of this survey instrument (a) educating future generations on how to prepare for employment, (b) the significant qualities, and characteristics that hiring managers are seeking. In addition, this instrument serves and an educational process of teaching the younger generation how to prepare for retirement at an early age. Since ageism appears to be a global issue with emphasis influencing stereotypical attitudes and assumptions of the aging workforce. Future projections of ageism as a deterrent when persons reaching over age 55 become unemployed and are unable to re-enter the workforce. Implications Limitations of the survey are primarily time constraints for this research study. In addition, sample size of respondents may not provided the results this experiment hopes to conclude in terms of stereotypical characteristics of decision-making by hiring managers. Moreover, some of the questions regarding age and gender may not be accurately disclosed by responding participants. Validity of this research is dependent upon honest factual responses by hiring-managers and the designer of the survey. The possibility that the responses are questioned since the validity of responses relies solely on the designer applies to the ethical principles of this researcher and study. A further limitation of this experiment requires permission from the ethics committee of the State Board of Psychologist in New Hampshire prior to the survey’s completion. Discussion Past research implies the validity of discrimination for persons over age 55, including premature termination and difficulty with re-employment. Research exemplifies the existence of negative ageism, yet little research questions the opinions of over 50 persons experiencing the dilemma of forced retirement and the rejection associated with developmental milestones of aging. As a diverse society where prejudices and biases exist from a cultural viewpoint, ageism ranks as a minority group. Perhaps further research addressing methods of creating societal change regarding cultural biases and prejudices can influence negativity around aging and employment. Several articles from peer-review journals provide significant empirical evidence of stereotypical negativity from employers in the workforce. In addition, a conversation with an employee from Employment Security Commission in Manchester, New Hampshire, regarding displaced persons aged 50 and over. Ms. Asselin provided written consent to use specific portions of this conversation for the use of this study. Ms. Asselin, reported, â€Å"I see older client’s everyday, which are more than qualified for positions, and are not employed by the hiring managers.† Most report they are over qualified; several persons are 50 and over. When directly asked the question of age discrimination, she states, â€Å"Definitely, we see this all the time, even though the employers do not mention age† (Asselin, A., personal communication, January 16, 2008). The null hypothesis (Ho) of business owners in New Hampshire is dependent upon the results of the survey data. In terms of validating if ageism characteristics plays a significant role in employer decision-making during the interview process. Thus, validating previous research that ageism is a global social problem. The argument that New Hampshire’s unemployed persons between the ages of 45-60 having difficulties re-entering the workforce is the premises of this research. In addition, if the survey concludes hiring managers display covert discrimination then further research of all New Hampshire business managers may indicate change is needed regarding attitudes towards ageism in the workplace. New Hampshire’s workforce is a fraction of the problem considering past research of age discrimination, research provides data that ageism is a global problem, that will likely increase in the next decade if attitudes do not change (Nelson, 2005). The reality and beliefs of this society indicates the capacity of older workers over age 55 lacks the ability of adequately training capacity. Performance decreases, or often miss work because of illness categorizes a culture of persons (Goldberg, 2000). This assumption and attitude stereotypically tries to diminish a population of persons by stigmatizing ageism. Does this mean that after age 55 and over, the quality of life, experience that this generation of persons provided for many years forced into early retirement and becomes no longer useful to society? Considering the baby boomer population will be the majority of the workforce within the next decade what affect will this impose on society if diminished from the workforce? Directions for the future Although discrimination is illegal, further research of attitudes of hiring managers can predict the affects age discrimination on future generations, the economy, and the healthcare system in New Hampshire. Differentiating whether ageism and discrimination are stereotypical in New Hampshire, is dependent upon the results of the survey. Since this experiment includes a sample of 400 of the potentially 100 plus hiring managers in New Hampshire. Future studies of all business owners, and or hiring managers may provide data that are more significant. More importantly is examining the assumptions that persons over age 55 are incapable of adequate productivity by hiring managers; otherwise, future generations will face the same deterrent attitude if change does not occur. Ultimately, everyone ages, changes in employment policies, decreasing age discrimination, for future generations is imperative. Since research supports ageism in the workforce appears to be a neglected social problem requiring further research of a marginalized population. Appendix 1 Survey Questionnaire Participant’s response indicated by circling one of the selections below, by the designer of the survey. 1. Education level: (a) High school diploma, (b) Some college (c) College graduates (d) Education level does not matter 2. Experience: (a) 1-5 years (b) 6-10 years (c) 11-20 years (d) prefer to conduct your own training. 3. Gender: Males (a) age 21-30 (b) age 31-40 (c) age 41-51 (d) age 51-60 (e) over 60 (f)no preferences Gender: Females (a) age 21-30 (b) age 31-40 (c) age 41-51 (d) age 51-60 (e) over 60 (f)no preferences 4. Appearance: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 5. Technical ability: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 6. Assimilation into the team: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 7. Ability to work independently: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 8. Professional standards: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 9. Energy levels: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance 10. Productive peer relationships: (a) significant (b) somewhat significant (c) little significances (d) no significance References Angiropolis, M. (2008). New Hampshire Employment Securitys Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau. New Hampshire Economic Conditions, 108 (1) Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:T7mkj4veHl0J:www.nh.gov/nhes/elmi/pdfzip/econanalys/Look_forward/looking%2520forward_measuringunemp.pdf+age+of+unemployed+in+NHhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=us Bittman, M., Flick, M., Rice, J. (2001). A survey of employers in a high growth industry. Social Policy Research Center: the Recruitment of Older Austrailian Workers. Gringhart, F., Helmes, E., Speelman, C. P. (2005). [Exploring attitudes toward older workers among Austrailain employers. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 17(3), 85-103. Goldberg, B. (2000). Age Works What Corporate America Must Do to Survive the Graying of the Workforce. New York: The Free Press. MacGregor, D. (2005/​2006). Yes, right to work is fundamental, even for people over 65. Monitor: Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspectives, 12(7), 1-24. Marshall, V. W. (2007). Advancing the sociology of ageism. Social Forces, 86(1), 257-264. Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 207-221. Palamore, E. B., Branch, L., Harris, Diana. (2005). Cost of ageism. Encyclopedia of Ageism, 80-83. Reio, , Jr. T. G., Sanders-Reio, J. (1999). Combating workplace ageism. Adult Learning, 11(1), 10. References Rix, S. E. (2005). Update on the older worker: 2004 (Public Policy Institute, pp. 1-4). Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Roscigno, V. J., Mong, S., Byron, R., Tester, G. (2007). Age discrimination, social closure, and employment. Social Forces, 86(1), 332-334. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunitiy Commission. (1997). The Age Discrimination In Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1967 (Section 621, pp. Pub.-L 101-433). Washington, DC: Department of Labor and the Department of Justice, U.S. Vincent, J. A. (2005). Understanding generations: Political economy and culture in an ageing society. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 579-599 Waller, C. (2006). Outlawing age discrimination: 2006. Engineering Management, 16(4), 32-33. Wan, H., Sengupta, M., Velkoff, V. A., DeBArros, K. A. (2005). U.S. Census Bureau. In Current Population Report (65+ In the United States, pp. 23-209). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Cause Effect Essay - The Causes of Teen Suicide :: Expository Cause Effect Essays Teenager

The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesn't seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who can't get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many "accidental" deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. It could be because it's easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though it's still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem. The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think it's because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous.

America And Ethnicity Of The Races Essay

Racial discrimination and social inequality is a worldwide social illness. This especially happens in highly developed countries that have capabilities of granting the needs of numerous immigrants from other countries. However, the provision of being highly developed is also a way by which countries become highly diverse in population and culture. Mainly, this is also the reason why there exists too much discrimination in the said type of societies. In this regard, the American society is among the focus of the discussion of such issues. To be able to understand the impact of the said issue towards the society, two major public policies shall be examined in support of the said issue. The policies to be tackled in this paper would be pertaining to the Criminal Justice Policy and Immigration Naturalization Policy. Using the events that govern the said policies, this paper shall introduce the issues that govern the race and ethnicity issues of the American government and politics. Leon E. Wynter’s â€Å"Transracial America Sells† shows how the black-Americans already lead the entertainment industry. As he usually talks about the â€Å"browning of mainstream commercial culture† in most of his compositions, Wynter points out how the radical shift in the place of race and ethnicity in American commercial culture since the late 1970’s really affects the preferences of people in the marketplace. He also adds on his essay how nonwhite Americans are giving so much profit to the entertainment industry. He says â€Å"color has been weaving through music, sports, television, news media and literature in a bold band that had never been seen before†. True, even the different expressions such as â€Å"Wassup† which came from the black-American culture is already widely accepted. Meanwhile, Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Let America be America again† talks about the long-lost dream of the American race. A unified country giving everyone a chance to live in a rather easy life through laboring everyone especially those who are in dire need of employment. In his poem, he points out how much the land of America really belongs to those who plow it such as the farmers, to those who cultivates its culture and resources, to those who really serve their country to the hardest yet best way they could. Contrary to Wynter’s composition, Hughes sees the marketplace to be a place of greed widely using people for its own profit and gains. To Hughes, this kind of false equality is rather a hindrance to the true essence of the American dream. As obviously seen, both of the writers likes to show how possible it really is to attain the American aim of being unified as one country. One believes in what is obviously seen in the society specially on the marketplace where both white and nonwhite Americans gain the fame and thus influence the greater crowd of a mixed culture and depict a unified America, while the other strongly suggests on putting the lesser fortunate into employment and letting them gain from what they have earned since the land belongs to them. Consequently, Wynter’s vision of the dream of equality is far more obvious than that of Hughes’. Wynter’s idea is more practical and thus more appealing to almost everyone in the entire globe. Even other countries actually see the reality of what Wynter says â€Å"transracial sells†. Surely, many will agree that the mixed culture of the white and non-white Americans is widely spreading in the whole world through media and entertainment. Since technology has already evolved so much, the unification of different races is easier attained through the use of the entertainment industry and commerce. As a fact, a bigger percentage of the world population is highly influenced with what they see on TV or n the Internet which commerce usually uses as a medium of selling it’s products. Hughes’ poem on the other hand is also acceptable although it’s a bit of the less truth that is actually happening right now. We are actually leaving in a world where oppression is really rampant and the fact that it happens to those who are less fortunate, his vision of the American dream is somewhat hard to fulfill. Sad but true, we are actually living in a society where the fittest in the group survives. It is also convincing when Hughes pointed out how greed affects the marketplace so much, that sometimes the equality that the entertainment industry shows is rather false since its only driven by profit-oriented goals of commerce and yet it doesn’t care so much on the needs and interests of the greater number of the lower members of its community who give it the chance of existing. After all, there would be no such kind of commercial success without the existence of those who patronage its product, the people who have lesser opportunity in the marketplace. But even though he had such a good view on how the American dream could be fulfilled, he still lacked the practical way on looking on what has already been done to meet that certain American goal. As clearly mentioned in the evidences above, at some point, racism and ethnic discrimination may still be a main problem that the American Government should face. However, with the policies created by the political parties of the country especially regarding the immigration and criminal justice systems of the country, it could be seen how the community has been faring on the said issue so far. As mentioned by Patterson in â€Å"The Ordeal of Integration†, â€Å"the large and continuous growing number of ethnic groups having a middle class life in America proves that the social policies of the country concerning ethnic groups are applied strongly and are re3ceiving fine results†. Hence, the statement, which was made by Higham earlier, has been proven true and shown as a resolvable matter in the American society. Yes, the political balance of the country towards its views of the social minorities would continuously be improved and regulated.

The Worlds Leading Economic Theorists Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3464 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? While the book is arguably aimed more at an academic audience, the material is clearly accessible to policymakers and regulators. Just this past month, in recognition of the one-year anniversary of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the NYU Stern School and the Pew Charitable Trusts put on a conference in Washington, D.C. During the entire day of proceedings, sitting toward the back was a senior staffer of the House Committee on Financial Services reading Balancing the Banks. When I asked him what he thought of the book, he commented on how insightful it was and that the book had given him pause to thought. The four chapters are organized as follows. In a brief chapter 1, the authors lay out their case for regulation of the banking sector and how things had gone wrong leading into this crisis. An important argument made by the authors is an extension of Dewatripont and Tiroles (1984) representation hypothesis to the case of all finan cial institutions, in particular, the shadow banking system. The theory basically argues that prudential regulation should replicate the corporate governance at nonfinancial firms in terms of mimicking the market discipline imposed by debtholders. Because of the government safety net and the implicit government guarantees, this discipline is eroded in the financial sector. Chapter 2, and by far the longest essay, is written by Tirole, and focuses both on what he considers to be the major causes of the crisis and, given these causes, how the financial system should be reformed. The chapter describes a whos who of possible suspects for what caused the financial crisis. The most interesting part of this discussion is less Tiroles naming of these suspects and, instead, Tiroles take on why they are suspects. For the reader interested in the global financial architecture, the chapter provides a unique look into the mind of one of the worlds leading thinkers in this area. Tiroles follow -on long list of reforms and motivation for these reforms allows one to compare Tiroles view of financial regulation to that of other academics, such as NYU Sterns work (Viral V. Acharya and Matthew Richardson 2009), Markus Brunnermeier et al. (2009), and the Squam Lake Group (2010) among others, and the actual enacted legislation both in the United States and abroad. The third chapter by Rochet takes a more targeted look at prudential bank regulation with a particular emphasis on the Basel Accords. This is a must read for anyone interested in the Basel accords and why these accords were inadequate for our financial system. In fact, I view this chapter somewhat as an indictment of the entire Basel approach to prudential bank regulation. While Rochet does not go as far as to argue for scrapping them, his suggested reforms are consistent with a complete overhaul of the system currently in place. As described below, he would most likely not be supportive of Basel III. The final c hapter by both Dewatripont and Rochet follows on from the criticisms provided in the prior chapter on the Basel Accords. In particular, the chapter takes a banking crisis as given and then discusses how distressed banks should be treated in this crisis. The authors discuss a special bankruptcy regime for financial institutions and some of the challenges that arise within an international setting. As discussed below, a key theme of this chapter is a more systemwide approach to measuring and managing risks of financial institutions. My review will cover three areas. First, I will try and put into perspective the major conclusions of the authors on financial sector regulation. Second, I will provide a few critical remarks on the chapters. Third, and perhaps equally important, it should be noted that the authors wrote these essays prior to the enactment of major financial regulation such as the Dodd-Frank Act and the new Basel III accords. It seems worthwhile therefore to see whether some of the authors ideas ended up being part of these historic legislations. Financial Sector Regulation A consistent theme throughout the three main essays is that the purpose of prudential regulation is twofold: (1) protect depositors, holders of insurance policies, or investors in pension or similar funds from default, and, in the case of bailouts, taxpayers [micro-prudential regulation], and (2) contain and manage systemic risk [macro-prudential regulation]. All of the chapters argue that macro-prudential regulation was lacking in the current architecture of global finance. In other words, the financial system, through the procyclical nature of both its accounting and capital requirements, and the regulatory apparatus of the Basel Accords, was focused too much on individual institution risk and not systemwide risk. In other words, regulators need to focus not just on the own losses of a financial institution, but also on the cost that their failure would impose on the sy stem. It is hard to argue with this point. On page 116, chapter 4 best lays out the viewpoint of the authors: as the recent crisis has shown, indicators for future distress cannot be condensed into one single summary capital ratio, even if it very complex. Instead, we believe that regulatory intervention should be triggered by a number of relatively simple (and publicly verifiable) indicators, including measures of liquidity risk, exposures to macroeconomic shocks, and bilateral exposure to other banks or financial institutions. Following this point, all the authors in their respective essays extoll the benefits of a solvency regime for dealing with banks. This regime needs to have certain properties. First, the regulator must be powerful enough to be able to take prompt corrective action, in other words, to deal with troubled institutions prior to default.Chapter 4 in particular discusses the ability of the FDIC to take such action in dealing with its banks and argues that th is is a good model. Second, the regulator must have legal power to not only act in the case of a failure of any financial institution, but a regime needs to be set up to deal specifically with banking crises, that is, multiple failures. Third, and arguably an intractable problem, all the respective essays note that there needs to be international coordination on bankruptcy when dealing with multinational financial institutions. Another common theme across the essays, especially those of chapters 2 and 3, is the question of how to deal with liquidity. As Tirole points out, prudential regulation of liquidity can be viewed in a very similar way to that of prudential regulation of capital, that is, micro-based by protecting taxpayers, and macro-based by managing systemic risk. The authors are not particularly specific on what they would like to see, other than support for government intervention via liquidity channels and the need to consider the liquidity positions of financial inst itutions. Given their support for well-articulated simple rules, one might surmise that the authors would view the Basel III liquidity requirements (which in theory will eventually kick in later this decade) as good first steps. Another consistent theme in some of the chapters is the principle underlying the authors representation hypothesis. The basic idea is that, in regulating financial firms, regulators should take on the normal corporate governance role that one would see creditors perform for nonfinancial firms. One of the main differences between financial and nonfinancial firms is the access to the government safety net. In theory, the regulation hypothesis would solve this problem. In chapter 1 of the book, the authors describe how this hypothesis could have been used to deal with firms that either rely on wholesale funding, or that are too interconnected or generally too-big-to-fail. I believe that one could more broadly describe the representation hypothesis as the authors approach to regulating the shadow banking sector. That said, it is surprising that the book provides little discussion of shadow banking, in particular, money market funds, repo financing, securities lending, or even investment banking.Somewhat similar to the regulation that has emerged, such as the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III, the authors primary focus is on the banking sector. I think this is a missed opportunity. In the next section, I describe three other areas I wish the book had covered in more detail. Missed Opportunity No book on the financial crisis will please every reader. This book is no different, and I thought it might be worthwhile to mention three areas where, given the authors expertise in the field of banking, I believe they missed an opportunity to inform the reader. The first is with respect to Tiroles description of how and why the financial crisis occurred. While the chapter starts with a principles-based approach, at the end of day, the chapt er provides a litany of causes but does not really choose leading candidates. The reader could have benefitted from Tiroles knowledge on the subject.While it is clear that Tirole, and the other authors, are in the camp that poorly designed regulation and insufficient implementation of regulation is the primary cause, chapter 2 does not pinpoint the market failure. It seems a necessary requirement for designing an appropriate regulatory architecture is to focus on the market failure.Therefore, it may not be a surprise that chapter 2 lays out a whole series of reforms without creating an overlay of principles that future regulation should address. In particular, chapter 1 of the book provided a historical perspective that I think could have been quite informative on how to proceed with regulatory reform. The advantage of beginning with a more pinpoint analysis of the crisis is that, once you understand how markets have failed, the nature of the solution becomes a lot clearer. There fore, not unlike the Dodd-Frank Act itself, the solutions offered in chapter 2 are a bit more heavy handed scrutiny rather than a principled regulatory response. I should say that, in defense of the book itself, however, chapters 3 and 4 are more along these lines and the suggested reforms center around macro-prudential regulation and the management of systemic risk. Having been involved in such a process through the publication of the NYU Stern books on the financial crisis, Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System (Acharya and Richardson 2009) and Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance (Acharya et al. 2010), I do think the authors miss an opportunity here to make a statement on the financial crisis. It seemed clear to us that, while there were a lot of symptoms of ills in the financial markets and a lot of proximate causes of the sort described in chapter 2the housing bubble, the rise in subprime lending, compen sation incentives in financial firms, a huge expansion in securitization, a big expansion of creditwhat turned a collapsing housing bubble into a devastating crisis in the financial system was the huge concentration of systemic risktail riskin the banking and shadow banking system. The second missed opportunity is that the authors do not take a lead in discussing how capital and liquidity requirements should be set, other than that these requirements should be countercyclical. While the authors provide a good analysis of what was wrong with the current system, and that this system needs to expand beyond capital requirements, it must have been clear to the authors that any new financial architecture would argue for new capital and liquidity rules. The authors have been some of the leading economic researchers in this area. There is a raging debate about both the level of and the cross-sectional variation of capital requirements. For example, Douglas Gale (2010) argues that the cas e for higher capital levels is not so clear-cut (see also Skander Van dan Heuvel 2008). Given the authors earlier work, one would imagine that the authors have a different take on this subject. The book provided the authors a perfect opportunity to address this debate head-on. From a practical point of view, capital requirements are arguably one of the more important tools used by regulators and are at the heart of the Basel Accords and the international financial regulatory regime. Lastly, while the topic of mispriced government guarantees and moral hazard is discussed in the book, I found it surprising that the topic got so little coverage. There is little analysis of what it means for our ability to regulate the financial sector when many financial institutions can finance their activities at below-market rates, which we know can lead to excessive risk. These distortions occurred not only at banks with access to FDIC insurance, but also with respect to the government sponsored (and backed) enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the too-big-to-fail large, complex financial institutions. And it remains a big issue. To this point, there is a study done by the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond that found about 45 percent of all financial liabilities in 1999 fell under the U.S. safety net. They did the study a decade later and it was close to 60 percent. (See Nadezhda Malysheva and John R. Walter 2010). I do not really know what the authors view is. Do the authors believe moral hazard was a secondary issue, or, like the Dodd-Frank Act, do they believe a special bankruptcy regime can take care of the problem? Again, given the authors work on this issue, especially on the pricing of deposit insurance and market incentives, it would have been nice to provide greater elocution on the government guarantee problem. Of course, these comments are less criticisms of the authors analysis and more a wish list on my part. One interesting feature of the authors work is that their book was written prior to the enactment of significant financial regulation. The book therefore provides a somewhat unique opportunity to compare what leading economists thought was the best regulation ex ante against the actual financial regulation that got implemented, specifically the rules written into the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III. We turn to this comparison in the next section. The Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III At one level, at least one of the authors, Tirole, should be quite happy with Dodd-Frank. The creation of (1) a consumer finance protection agency, (2) greater transparency of exposures across the system and more standardization of financial products (especially in the derivatives area), (3) the possibility at least of countercyclical capital requirements, (4) recognition of the problem of liquidity and therefore potential future regulation of liquidity, (5) some oversight albeit limited on compensation, (6) regulation of credit rating agencies, a nd (7) skin in the game in securitization markets, cover major parts of Tiroles suggested financial reforms and all of these appear within the Dodd-Frank Act. Moreover, the Dodd-Frank Act clearly emphasizes macro-prudential regulation for the first time as an important component of the financial regulatory system. The Act creates a supporting research organization within Treasury, the Office of Financial Research, to measure and provide tools for measuring systemic risk. Using this data, The Dodd-Frank Act assigns new responsibilities to a new body, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), to identify systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs). FSOC, along with the relevant agencies, are then given the power to provide enhanced regulation of these SIFIs, such as levels of capital and liquidity necessary to withstand major shocks to asset markets. In addition, the Act also gives authority for prompt corrective action of SIFIs through the orderly liquidation aut hority which is to be run and modeled by the FDIC. All three authors should be quite pleased with the new focus on macro-prudential regulation. As Tirole writes on page 62, we note that a banks failure does not have the same consequences during a period of crisis as it does during an otherwise calm period. . .such a failure has a greater chance of having a systemic impact if other banks are simultaneously affected by a macroeconomic shock and therefore may become undercapitalized . . . this all suggests that capital requirements should be higher the more the banks failure is likely to coincide with (or be driven by) macroeconomic shocks and other banks failure. At another level though, Tirole, Dewatripont, and Rochet might be less impressed with how the Dodd-Frank Act actually manages systemic risk. The devil is in the details, and there are plenty of things in the Dodd-Frank Act that would not coincide with the authors thinking on macro-prudential regulation. Rather than prov ide a long list of issues, I will mention just a few important ones: As much as the Act argues for macro-prudential regulation, the Act is focused on the orderly liquidation of an individual institution and not the system as a whole. As all three authors would argue, there is nothing unique per se about a bankruptcy procedure for a firm; what is special is its effect on the rest of the financial sector. All three authors stress the point that, in terms of managing systemic risk, bailouts are inevitable in a crisis. The architecture of the financial system should be built around this point. I therefore believe that the authors might actually argue that parts of Dodd-Frank have actually increased systemic risk. Specifically, the Act restricts the Feds ability to deal with nonbanks in terms of its lender of last resort capabilities unless a system-wide crisis has emerged. Therefore, when the financial system is weak, temporary liquidity problems at a particular firm could trigger a f ull-blown crisis. Not surprisingly, given their research, the authors are particularly aware of the role incentives play in financial markets. Thus, I believe the authors would conclude that the Act has incentives all wrong, and arguably increases both moral hazard and systemic risk in the financial system. According to Dodd-Frank, if the system fails, and money cannot be recovered from creditors, the surviving SIFIs must make up the difference ex post. In a crisis, the prudent firms pay for the sins of others. This creates a free rider problem, a race to the bottom and greater ex ante risk taking. Moreover, when surviving SIFIs are struggling to stay afloat, they must provide capital. This is clearly pro-cyclical, further igniting the crisis. With respect to Basel III, there are certainly important changes to Basel II that are consistent with the content of this book, most notably the addition of a liquidity requirement for financial firms, a simple leverage ratio as a suppleme ntary measure to risk-based capital, and higher capital requirements overall for SIFIs. That said, the authors most likely would take a dim view of Basel III. In particular, Basel III continues the risk-weights that are tied to credit ratings both within and across asset classes, as well as the internal ratings approach that Rochet forcefully argues against in chapter 3. Remarkably, the Basel approach is still focused on the risk of individual banks as opposed to systemwide risks. The authors view that what is needed is a battery of simple and easily calculated indicators, such as exposures of banks to various macroeconomic risks, has not held the day. Instead, Basel III continues the focus of the previous Basel accords on risk-weighted capital measures of individual firms as the main indicator. Finally, as mentioned above, one of the main principles underlying the authors approach to financial regulation is based on their concept of the representation hypothesis. In the absence of market discipline, the regulator should take on the corporate governance role of debtholders. A corollary to this hypothesis is that if two financial institutions, call them bank A and shadow bank B, perform similar functions, A and B should be regulated as such. While the Dodd-Frank Act does allow for some regulation of shadow banks (if they are SIFIs), generally speaking, both Basel III and Dodd-Frank fall into the familiar trap of regulating by form rather than function. And by solely addressing the failures of banking institutions, regulators are excluding the systemically important shadow banking system that serves similar functions, such as clearing houses and money market funds. Excluding these groups of institutions makes the system vulnerable, prohibits access to emergency funding, and creates an unlevel playing field. Current regulation therefore violates the principle of the representation hypothesis put forth by the authors. Acharya, Viral V., Thomas F. Cooley, Mat thew Richardson, and Ingo Walter, ed. 2010. Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Acharya, Viral V., and Matthew Richardson, ed. 2009. Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Brunnermeier, Markus, Andrew Crockett, Charles Goodhart, Martin Hellwig, Avinash D. Persaud, and Hyun Shin. 2009. The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation. Geneva: International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies; London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Dewatripont, Mathias, and Jean Tirole. 1984. The Prudential Regulation of Banks. Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press. Gale, Douglas. 2010. Capital Regulation and Risk Sharing. International Journal of Central Banking, 6(4): 187-204. Malysheva, Nadezhda, and John R. Walter. 2010. How Large Has the Federal Financial Safety Net Become? Economic Quarterly, 96(3): 273-90. Squam Lake Group. 2010. Squam Lake Report: Fixing the Financial System. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Van den Heuvel, Skander. 2008. The Welfare Cost of Bank Capital Requirements. Journal of Monetary Economics, 55(2): 298-320. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Worlds Leading Economic Theorists Finance Essay" essay for you Create order